MMW 11 Chang

Early Hominid Evolution

Advantages of full bipedalism

*led to bigger brains because of diet change

*more sophisticated tools

*migration

*favored narrower hips

*distance

*hold more things

Australophithicus

2.5-4 mya

*began to develop bipedalism in response to changing "mosaic" environment

*resembled chimpanzees today

*lived in trees & on land

homo habilis

2.8-1.8 mya

*50% increase in brain size

homo erectus

1.8 mya - 80K years ago

*more sophisticated tools (Acheulean hand axes, cleavers, scrapers)

*even larger brain capacity

*stood upright

*used fire for cooking

*started migrating out of Africa

*wider range of vocal chords

Homo sapiens

*more human-like

*bipedal

*larger brains

Mutli-regionalism vs out of africa debate

multi: evolved different parts of the world where homo erectus migrated to

africa: homo erectus specifically evolved in east Africa and then migrated

*mitochondrial eve: common ancestor that we all share b/c "we are all africans under the skin"

bipedalism and brain size

*survival favored narrower hips and bigger brains

*delayed maturation of infant

-4-5 years of dependency

-led to loss of estrus in females

-larger brain size made birth more dangerous for females

Loss of estrus in females

*strengthen male bonding

*reduced violence among males for mating rights

*allowed women to stay with children longer

impact of cooked food

*more energy for brain use rather than gut -> larger brain

*more leisure time

*led to more socializing

*smaller jaw b/c food was softer and easier to chew

*deferment of appetite and impulse

persistence of acheulean hand-axe

* "teardrop"-shaped head on spear

*same tech for millions of years during Paleolithic era

Barter v. reciprocity

*reciprocity= like for like; 2 equals

*bartering= something you value for something that you value even more

Catallaxy effect

the reason for human evolution is economics

•explosive effect of division of labor and economics

*adam smith praised benefits of division of labor in capitalism

One change(Trade) leads to many other changes

gendered division of labor

*divided everything from sharing food to bartering goods

*they each found food and came together to share->led to more time and energy

ideal population size for hunter gatherers

*hunter gatherers could not support a large population (wanted to maintain 2:1 ratio)so they resorted to:

-infanticide (drowning, smashing head on rock, neglect)

-prolonged nursing which delayed pregnancy

Gradual shift to horticulture 9000 b.c.e

*b/c of large expansion of population, people decided to settle and go into horticulture (it was either move or grow food) art of growing food

co-dependent domestication

humans domesticated plants but plants also domesticated humans

Water theroy

ppl needed cities b/c :

*they needed a more effective way to construct and manage irrigation projects

*needed to centralize management of water rights

*cities as administrative centers to manage water distribution and access

trade theory

paleolithic trade centers just gradually became town markets and centers of storage & redistribution (how a city came to be)

temple theory

Cities b/c:

*need for security (material & spiritual)

Catal Huyuk

7500-5400 BCE

-evidence of reburial
-one of the best known "early civilization" cities in Neolithic era

Bronze age (3100-1200 b.c.e)

*tied to birth of cities —better bronze weapons for defense

*elder warriors and war-leaders became kings

*surplus inheritance went to the sons

*more inherited surplus accumulated = more power

*plowing and inheritance led to social stratification

-men in charge of plowing

-women confined at home or under watch of an assigned male to make sure that child was the husband's

Which fossil form is one of the earliest?

Homo habilis

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA are assumed to have occurred

*randomly

*constant rate w/in large population

Mitochondrial Eve was

the only woman of her era to have modern descendants exclusively through female links

Which of the following statements is true of the inhabitants of the Paleolithic Age?

they were hunters and gatherers

Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized by

rough social equality

Instead of the potentially misleading term agricultural revolution, many anthropologists prefer the term

agricultural transition

The shift from gathering wild plants to harvesting cultivated plants is characterized by

human influence in the genetic variation of a plant species

Which of the following are thought to have made their first appearance at the very end of or after the Neolithic?

bronze and writing

Cities differed from Neolithic villages in two principal ways. First, cities were larger and more complex than Neolithic villages. The second difference was that

cities decisively influenced the economic, political, and cultural life of large regions.

Mesopotamia and Ancient Israel

Hebrew

Israelite

Jew

Israelite: People who settled in Canaan(Palestine)

Hebrew: (language) who spoke it

Jew: Israelites who returned to Jerusalem(Palestine) after Babylonian Exile(religion)

Sumer

first civilization; encompasses cities uruk and ur

tigris-euphrates

carved out the fertile crescent

cuneiform

writing style during 3400bce

*used to celebrate myths & legends

*inscribe laws to maintain social & reinforce history

Marduk's defeat of tiamat

*symbolized shift from pluralistic, consensus-based authority to permanent authority

*& shift from nomadic to Neolithic and civilization

*Marduk's stature in myth grows reflecting growth of city

Gilgamesh

From the city of Uruk

2/3 god 1/3 human

loss of personal privacy

Symbolism of Enkidu

*represented how man became civilized

• People asked gods for someone to be equal and defeat Gilgamesh

• Represented wilder, nomadic roots

How he relates to animals, appearance, what happens to him when he is seduced

Siduri's counsel

Siduri urges Gilgamesh to be content with the simple pleasures in life

hammurabi's code

"eye for an eye"

Tanak

*torah/laws

*prophets

*writings

torah/ penateuch

*laws in an inclusive sense

*legal and ritualistic codes

*teachings and instructions

Documentary hypothesis

Bible was wrote by 4 different sources (J,E,P,D)

Yahweh vs. Elohim

J- "lord"/ Yahweh

E- "god"/ elohim

1000 BCE-different versions of creation

-Written after David

P source

narrative in "E" reflecting priestly values

D source

deuteronomy

Book of Genesis

2 sources (J and E)

E- version: *Adam and Eve created at the same time

*More allusions to Mesopotamian myths, humans more wicked

J-version: *Adam created first & Eve created from rib bone

*God: fallible, complex with emotion/thoughts, more human characteristics

Abraham

*resourceful survivor

*skilled negotiator

*hospitality

*lack of greed

*humility

*set ethical standards for descendants

1900BCE

Missim

Hebrew for enslaving

Moses and the covenant

*Moses was God's chosen leader of Israel at that time,Moses and God work in tandem to strengthen the covenant between the Israelites and God during their time as slaves in Egypt.

symbolic role of the pharaoh

King should only be a secular, military leader, symbol of adversity to prove gods power and protection of his own people

prophet samuel

anointed kings as god commanded him to (sam was the last Judge left)

12 tribes of israel

*tribes used to rule

*Philistine threat and tribal pressures compelled Samuel to anoint a king

*king needed to consolidate 12 tribes

Saul

*Powerful warrior- Small, unimportant tribe

-Important, bc big tribe leaders would only think about the big tribes

*Saul over-stepped his role

-Performing sacrifices : he was asked to kill all Amalekites (including animals) but didn't kill King or animals he thought would be good for sacrifice)

-Built monument

David

*Samuel replaced Saul with David

*Why David?

-Youngest son of Jesse: sheep herding family

-His humility VS Saul's ego

Dual Priesthood

David in Jerusalem

-Share religious authority- symbolize unity between north and south

(1) From the North—Abiathar: descendant of Moses (Shiloh)

(2) From the South—Zadok: descendant of Aaron (Hebron)

professional army

David was the First to create professional army (very successful)

Represents first king to not be dependent on tribes

Bathsheba

i) David's transgression with Bathsheba and treachery against Uriah

- Uriah: not Israelite

- David was sketchy as to cover up Uriah's death

Solomon

Son of David, next king afterward

Purging of rivals

Solomon:

*killed Adonijah his half-brother (he wanted the throne), and banishing Abiathar (David's priest) because he wanted Adonijah as king

12 administrative districts

Solomon:

-Divided region into 12 districts and each was in charge of food for a month and taxes

Marriage Diplomacy

Solomon:

- 700 marriages (300 concubines)

- Pagan Princesses

(he became influenced by his wives and concubines so God punished him)

Hiram of Tyre

helps solomon build a temple by providing logs and wood

Rehobaum of Jerusalem

i) Rehobaum in the South—Judah

(1) "My small finger (male organ) is thicker than my father's loins"

People rebelled against him

Jerobaum of Israel

Jerobaum in the North—Israel

crowned King after Rehobaum rebellion

Fall of Israel 722

i) Fall of Israel in 722 at the hands of the Assyrians

Prophet Isaiah

Warned against alliances & encouraged faith in God

(1) Return to righteous conduct and social justice

(2) Believe that God is behind all historical developments

Hezekiah

- First after the split to implement reforms (one of the only Hebrew kings to defend Jerusalem against Assyria)

(1) Centralization of faith and practice in Jerusalem

(2) Was this policy out of choice or necessity?

- Out of necessity

Nebuchadnezzar Of Babylon

-Sent Jehoiachin to Babylon with thousands of other Judeans: Upper class, military leaders, artists, etc.

-Sent those who could be threatening in Judah or useful to Babylon

The Ascension of King Josiah

i) 622 religious "awakening"

-Called to reinstate exclusive worship of Yahweh

-Like Hezekiah, eliminated the "high-places" of worship

-"Awakening" attributed to "discovery" of a "lost" book

ii) "Deuteronomy" means "the second law"

- first law: The Ten Commandments

b) A Renewal of the Covenant

-Ethical Code of the Deuteronomists

-Deuteronomist vision of divine justice and retribution

-God protects/rewards righteousness & punishes the evil

iii) Death of Josiah at Megiddo

Babylonian Exile

i)First deportation 597

-Young King Jehoiachim with retinue of 800

ii)Two more in 586 (Zedekiah's rebellion) and 581

iii)The Destruction of Jerusalem 586

-The end of David's dynastic line after 400 years

Prophet Jeremiah

a)Prophet Jeremiah—Myth of Invincibility and False Hope

i) Realism vs. myth of invincibility

(1) Rebuke of assumption "This is Yahweh's City!"

(2) Jeremiah's letter to exiles in Babylon

- Realism: Stop dreaming about coming home-live life in present

- Spirituality: facing reality & denial/superstition = not options

o Parallel with Book of Job

Job's integrity of faith

-Job (was tested by God): righteous, generous, not adulterous, sacrifices for his rambunctious children

o Test: body sores, dead children, lost livestock/servants

o Satan; accuser

divine justice

(1)Judgment and blame dominate their discourse

(a)Eli'phaz, Bildad, and Zophar

oWife: "Curse God and die"

oFriends' silence: most sympathetic

oMoment they start talking: blame & judgement

oEli'phaz: Job probably sinned in some way

Ancient China

Xia "Dynasty"

Erlitou/neolithic culture- bronze age urban society

May be just a Myth, or Early settlement

Shang Dynasty

*oracle bones used to communicate with ancestors and ask for approval to conduce rituals or about general well being

*a) Source of Shang Legitimacy

i) Shamanism and Political Power

(1) Oracle bones dating from 1500, maybe even 4000

(a)"Department of Divination" in Anyang

(2)Four classes of spirits invoked

(a)"Di" or "Supreme spirit" 帝

(3) Kings as head shamans with power of prognostication

(a)King as intermediary to ancestral spirits

(b)Political authority went hand in hand with powers of divination

(4)Emergence of a historical consciousness?b)Writing and cultural homogeneity

i)Logic of Chinese characters: pictograms, phonograms, and ideograms

*Fu Hao-powerful consort of 21st Shang King, Wuding

-Acted as a military leader and priestess

-Her grave was appointed with a lavishness rivaling those of the Shang kings

-Divination was concerned with her well being

Shang Tombs- Social stratification through ways ppl were buried

Shang Bronze weaponry

Monopolized bronze weapon making, by the time of the Zhou it was common knowledge/ abstract power

Geographical determinism

i)China as a relatively insulated, distinct region

ii)The Isohyet Line

-Iso: equal

-Hyet: rain

(1)Division of nomads and agriculturalists

-Great Wall parallels Isohyet Line

(2)Need for coordinated defense favored centralization

-Constant nomadic threat = cause

Yellow River

(1)Yellow River in the north

oBuilding block to Chinese civilization

(a)Why "yellow"?

oHigh silt content (46%)

oRich soil: loess agriculture

(b)Why "China's Sorrow"

oUnusually high riverbed: frequent & destructive flooding

oContributes to centralization: need to better coordinate efforts to control flood

(c)Political consequences—favored centralization

Guiqui Convention

-Early discussion with city states on how to control flood, Early 7th Century BCE

"middle Kingdom"

How they refer to China

Sinocentrism

chinese culture is the center of the world and above everyone else

Isohyet Line

Geographic: Physical boundaries, Isohyet line (nomadic threat)

- Contribute to distinct sense of identity in

ancient China

-line is used by climatologists to demarcate areas having average annual rainfall

Shared Culture

Origin Myths

Clan Origins

Xia- born out of a rock, cut in half by sword

Shang- Egg dropped by bird, devoured by Hsiehs mom, pregnant as a result and gave birth to him

Zhou- Sheng Min made a foot print, and Lady Yuan became pregnant when she trod in the big toe of the foot print

The Great Yu

(a) The Great Yu taming the waters

o Pops out of Kun's rock

o Hero bc determined/resourceful in controlling floods

o Worked on river for 13 years without returning home

o Mythical founder of Shang Dynasty

o Reowned for hairless shins

Myth of Pangu

- Eyes: sun & mon

- Blood: rivers & oceans

- Hair: grass & trees

- Body Lice: humans & animals

o Humble position to humanity-not center of creation

Mandate of Heaven

- Heaven can appoint or revoke rulers

- Justifies change of dynasties

(Zhou used to overthrow Shang)

Written Scripts

Same written language despite different dialects

Duke of Zhou (Metal Bound Box)

(a)Sagely hero of "The Metal Bound Box"

-Humble & righteous & lack of egotism

(b)Confucius idealized the Duke of Zhou as the epitome of a sagely minister

-Felt longing for Duke of Zhou & his complete world with loyal ministers

Western Zhou

-11th to 8th BCE

Shift from bronze to iron weaponry

Lineage Fission(splitting)- -more territory and more subjects meant sending out royal blood to start new royal lines in new towns

(1)771 fall of the Western Zhou capital at Haojing (Xi'an)

-overrun by nobles

-fall blamed on women (concubine called wolf)

Eastern Zhou- Luoyang

-8th to 3rd BCE

Spring and Autumn Period

(8th to 5th) --> Confucius

Warring states

-Zhou kings: puppets

-Zhou (small area) dominated by war lords

State of Lu

(1) Responsible for the observance of old Zhou ceremonial rites

(2) Direct descent from 11th century figure, the Duke of Zhou

(3) Confucius home state

Demise of rituals

-Royal family: too poor to afford music/dance rituals

(1)Acts of sacrilege and mockery from three powerful barons

-Rich merchants that controlled royal family

-Barons took on sacred rituals - very violating

(2)World defined by political anarchy, ethical void, and spiritual vacuum

-Vassals killed kings

-Fathers killed by sons

Hundred School of Thought

(1) Basic premise: need for philosophy is actually a sign of troubled times

Only with fragmentation of the Way do we get disparate schools of thought

Mozi (Mo Tzu) and Mohists

- Large following

- Hero: hairless-shin Yu

(i) Utilitarianism

*only things with practical use (no music, funerals)

(ii) Universal love

*Formed vigilante army to protect weakest state being attacked

-Formed new defensive weaponry