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Natural resource
materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
Fresh water
water that contains insignificant amounts of salts, as in rivers and lakes
Neolithic Period
the final era of prehistory, which began about 9000 B.C.; also called the New Stone Age
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.
Sumerians
The name of the first culture in the world to develop cities.
Cuneiform
A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.
ziggurat
massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.
Bronze Age
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
Babylonians
Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E.
Hammurabi's code
It was based on the ideas of "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth". If you were caught stealing, you would have your hands cut off. This stone sat in the middle of Babylon to remind everyone. Also the laws were read to the public regularly.
Chain pump
a pump with containers attached to a loop of chain to lift water and carry it where it is wanted
Egyptians (3500 B.C. -500 B.C)
Civilization that believed in a large number of gods and was located along the Nile River. They became masters of irrigation, built pyramids, and used a form of writing known as hieroglyphics.
Roman Empire
Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
Roman Aqueduct
a raised channel used to carry water from mountains into Rome
Hannibal
Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.
Punic Wars (264-146 BC)
long series of wars between Rome and Carthage for supremacy in the Western Mediterranean
Iron Age
the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons
