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Process of socialization - Taylor (1997)
Marxism
Socialisation should be organised in such a way that ‘the ways of thinking, behaving and perceiving things that are accepted by culture come to appear as normal, natural and inevitable’.
Civilizing Process - Elias
Argues that socialisation has grown more influential throughout history and in contemporary society, culture exerts a greater civilising influence on individuals than at any period in history. Elias notes that a ‘civilising process’ has been undertaken whereby behaviour, such as burping or picking your nose at the dinner table were once acceptable, are now unacceptable and we are seen to become more civilised than in the past.
Re-socialisation/Labelling
Goffman - found that in psychiatric hospitals, a similar process of re-socialisation was taking place. The hospital imposed new vales and norms that met the needs of the hospital rather than those of the patient. Goffman argued that psychiatric hospitals (and prisons) are ‘total institutions’ whereby the lives of the mentally ill patients are completely controlled. Goffman argued that these institutions develop their own subculture based on the label that the institution has put on them. In Goffman’s case study, he found that the hospital didn’t cure patients but learned how to ‘act mad’, fulfilling the label that had been applied to them.
Socialization and identity
Baumeister - Notes that socialisation in the family provides children with an identity. This is through imitative play whereby children observe their parents who provide the blueprint for action and copy them.
Social Control
Morgan - Suggests that socialisation involves social control and encouraging conformity. Parents will use positive sanctions to reinforce appropriate behaviour and also negative sanctions to discourage inappropriate behaviors. Therefore, as a result, a child begins to learn how to adapt their behaviour according to specific situations. Morgan suggests that the function of potty training within infants is to instil self-control of their bodily parts which then results in that child being accepted into society as a ‘civilised’ human being
Socialization in children
Durkin - Argues that most children have the ability to categorise themselves according to their gender by the age of 2-3years