Major Sociological Theories, Health, & Demographics

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Last updated 11:14 PM on 7/10/26
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15 Terms

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Macrosociology
Analyzes large-scale social structures, systems, and institutions (e.g., Functionalism, Conflict Theory).
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Microsociology
Analyzes small-scale, face-to-face human interactions and individual meanings (e.g., Symbolic Interactionism).
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Functionalism (Durkheim)
Compares society to a living organism where institutions work together to maintain dynamic equilibrium.
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Manifest Function
The deliberate, intended goal of a social institution (e.g., schools educating kids).
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Latent Function
The unintended, unrecognized, but beneficial consequence of an institution (e.g., schools providing free daycare).
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Conflict Theory (Marx)
Views society as a constant competition for limited resources, focusing on power and wealth inequality.
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Symbolic Interactionism (Mead)
People act based on meanings assigned to symbols, which are generated through 1-on-1 social interaction.
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Social Constructionism
Theory that concepts (money, gender, illness) exist only because society collectively agrees to assign them value.
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Rational Choice Theory
Individuals make decisions by weighing the costs and benefits to maximize personal gain.
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Medicalization
Process where non-medical human conditions (e.g., sadness, aging) are newly defined and treated as medical disorders.
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The Sick Role (Rights & Obligations)
Rights: Exempt from normal roles, not blamed. Obligations: Must view illness as undesirable, seek medical help.
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Demographic Transition Model (Definition)
A model tracking birth and death rate shifts as a society industrializes.
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Demographic Transition Model (4 Stages)

1. Pre-industrial: High birth/death.

2. Developing: Death drops (rapid pop growth).

3. Urbanizing: Birth drops (slower growth).

4. Developed: Low birth/death (stable pop).

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Malthusian Theory
Populations grow exponentially while food grows arithmetically, predicting an inevitable catastrophic die-off.
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Dependency Ratio

Formula: Dependents (Children under 15 + Seniors over 65) divided by the working-age population (15-64).