Chapter 28 Protists #1 and #2

Info From Class Videos + Some info from Fungi #1

(prokaryotes) Are Bacillus and Clostridium gram positive or negative

Both are gram positive and produce endospores

Protist

informal name of group of mostly unicellular euks

advances in euk systematics have caused

classification of protist to change significantly

protists constitute a _____ group

polyphyletic

protista

no longer valid as a kingdom

Concept 28.1

Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms

domain protists

eukaryotes

organisms in most euk lineages are

protists

most protists are __cellular

unicellular

protists exhibit more ___ than any other group of euks

structural and functional diversity

Though most protists are unicellular

there are some colonial and multicellular species

why can single-celled protists be very complex

all biological functions are carried out by organelles in each individual cell

can protists live parts of their lives as one cell and parts of their lives as a colony

yes

The most nutritionally diverse of all euks

protists

photoautotrophic protists

contain chloroplasts

heterotrophic protists

absorbs organic molecules or ingests larger food particles

mixotrophic protists

combines photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

some protists reproduce ____, while others reproduce _____, or by the sexual processes of _______

asexually

sexually

meiosis and fertilization

can go back and forth asexual and sexual

which is more expensive asexual or sexual

sexual is more expensive

why has sexual diversity been maintained if so expensive

genetic diversity is important

How many supergroups of bacteria

4

no longer thought that what are the oldest lineage of euks

amitochondriates (lacking mitochondria)

4 groups of euks

Excavata

Archaeplastida

SAR Clade

Unikonta

Evolutionary relationship between fungi, animals, and plants

fungi and animals are more closely related to each other than they are to plants

what in common fungi and animals, not plants

fungi and animals don’t have chloroplasts

plants have chloroplasts - photosynthesis

Archaeplastida - Volvox

forms colony

flagella beat in unison to move in one direction

endosymbiosis

relationship between two species in which one organism lives inside the cell(s) of other org (host)

mitochondria and plastids derived from

prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestors of early euk cells

mitochondria evolved once by endosymbiosis of

alpha proteobacterium

plastids evolved later by endosymbiosis of a

photosynthetic cyanobacterium

ancestral host cell may have been

archaean or

“proto-eukaryote”

from lineage related to but diverged from archaeal ancestors

mitochondria arose first through

descent from bacterium that was engulfed by cell from archaeal lineage

plastid lineage evolved later from

photosynthetic cyanobacterium engulfed by heterotrophic eukaryote

plastid-bearing lineage of protists evolved into

photosynthetic protists

red and green algae

many protists are important producers that

obtain energy from the sun

in aquatic environments

photosynthetic protists and proks are main producers

in aquatic envirs, photosynthetic protists are limited by

nutrients

photosynthetic protists populations can explode when

limiting nutrients are added

biomass of photosynthetic protists has declined as

sea surface temperature has increased

growth of phytoplankton communities relies on

nutrients delivered from ocean bottom through upwelling process

warm surface water acts as

barrier to upwelling

if sea surface temps continue to warm due to global warming, could have large effects on (3)

marine ecosystems

fishery yields

global carbon cycle