NUR102 Exam 5 Review

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering the key concepts and details from the exam review notes for NUR102 Exam 5.

What is the normal pH range for arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements?

7.35-7.45

What does a pH level below 7.35 indicate?

Acidosis

What does a pH level above 7.45 indicate?

Alkalosis

What is the primary mechanism for carbon dioxide regulation in the body?

The lungs control carbon dioxide levels primarily through respiration.

What is the normal range for PaCO2 in ABG measurements?

35-45 mmHg

What is the normal range for HCO3 in ABG measurements?

22-26 mEq/L

What compensatory action do the kidneys take during respiratory acidosis?

The kidneys try to retain bicarbonate (HCO3) to raise the pH.

What is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Hypoventilation, which leads to CO2 retention.

What is the expected pH during respiratory acidosis?

pH goes down, typically below 7.35.

What is respiratory alkalosis characterized by?

Increased pH (greater than 7.45) and decreased PaCO2 (less than 35 mmHg).

What is a common cause of respiratory alkalosis?

Hyperventilation due to anxiety or panic attacks.

What compensatory action do the kidneys take during metabolic acidosis?

The kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions (H+) and retain more bicarbonate (HCO3).

What are Kussmaul's respirations?

Deep, rapid breathing often seen in metabolic acidosis.

What are classic symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

Kussmaul's respirations, confusion, and lethargy.

What is the primary treatment for respiratory acidosis?

Increase ventilation and oxygenation.

What does metabolic alkalosis result from?

Too much bicarbonate or not enough acid in the body.

What is the expected HCO3 level during metabolic alkalosis?

HCO3 goes up, typically above 26 mEq/L.

What is the difference between partial and complete compensation in acid-base disturbances?

Partial compensation means not all values are normal; complete compensation means that the pH is normal but either CO2 or HCO3 remains abnormal.

What is the key clinical manifestation of hyperkalemia during acidosis?

Dysrhythmias, particularly seen on an ECG.

What does a positive Chvostek's sign indicate?

Hypocalcemia, suggesting possible primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism.

What is the most common endocrine disorder?

Diabetes mellitus.

What are the roles of T3 and T4 hormones?

Regulate metabolism, heart rate, and promote normal growth and development.

What can cause hypothyroidism?

A body that produces insufficient T3 and T4, commonly due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

What is myxedema?

A severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by non-pitting edema.

What symptoms are associated with hyperthyroidism?

Weight loss, increased heat intolerance, and tachycardia.

What is the main treatment for hyperthyroidism?

Antithyroid medications or radioactive iodine.

What education is important for patients receiving levothyroxine?

Take it every morning on an empty stomach at the same time each day.

What are the most common symptoms of adrenal insufficiency?

Fatigue, weight loss, and hypotension.

What is Cushing's syndrome caused by?

Excess cortisol production by the adrenal glands.

Which medication is most effective in lowering blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes?

Insulin.

What major risk is associated with the rapid withdrawal of corticosteroids?

Addisonian crisis, which can be life-threatening.

What are the clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis?

Hypotension, bronchospasm, and swelling.

What should a patient do first in case of anaphylaxis?

Administer epinephrine.

What role does histamine play in the immune response?

Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.

What does the term 'immunocompromised' refer to?

Individuals whose immune responses are weakened or diminished.

What common test can indicate the presence of immune deficiency?

Complete blood count (CBC) and immunoglobulin levels.

What is the function of T lymphocytes in the immune system?

T cells attack infected or abnormal cells and regulate immune responses.

What type of immunity is achieved after vaccination?

Active immunity.

What is the expected change in serum calcium levels due to hypoparathyroidism?

Decreased serum calcium levels.

What is an indicator of primary hyperparathyroidism?

Elevated serum calcium levels.

What complication can arise from untreated hyperparathyroidism?

Osteoporosis due to calcium depletion in bones.

In what situations is a patient's spacing for medications critically important?

While taking levothyroxine to ensure proper absorption.

How should a nurse manage a patient experiencing hyperkalemia?

Monitor cardiac function and consider administering calcium gluconate.

What concept explains the heightened sensitivity of the immune response in allergies?

Hypersensitivity reactions.

What characterizes immunosenescence in older adults?

Decreased antibody production and diminished immune response.

What safety measures should a nurse implement for a patient post-thyroidectomy?

Ensure monitoring for signs of hypocalcemia and respiratory distress.

What parameters are critical for a patient with Addison's disease?

Maintain hydration and monitor for signs of adrenal crisis.

What is the common side effect of corticosteroid therapy?

Weight gain and increased appetite.

What kind of diet is indicated for a patient with hyperparathyroidism?

Low in calcium and high in phosphorus.

What are the primary hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

What is a telltale sign of hypothyroidism in patients?

Cold intolerance and weight gain.

What type of test confirms the presence of anaphylaxis?

Skin prick tests and serum tryptase measurements.

What types of vaccines are safe for immunocompromised patients?

Inactivated vaccines.

What should a nurse monitor for in patients undergoing corticosteroid therapy?

Signs of infection and glucose levels.

What dietary changes should a person with Cushing's syndrome consider?

Restrict sodium and increase potassium intake.

What crucial aspect should caregivers manage in patients with SIADH?

Fluid intake to prevent hyponatremia.

What should patients with severe allergies be educated about?

How to use an EpiPen and recognize anaphylaxis symptoms.

What type of educational materials should be provided for latex sensitivity?

Information on avoiding latex and alternative products.

What conditions are associated with hypersensitivity type I reactions?

Asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Why is it important to document all allergies and reactions in medical records?

To prevent exposure to allergens during treatment.

What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

To neutralize pathogens and signal for their destruction.

What role does the spleen play in the immune system?

Filters blood and houses immune cells.