Unit 2: Key Figures, Concepts, and Developments in Industrialization

Jethro Tull

An English agricultural pioneer who invented the seed drill in 1701.

Seed Drill

An invention that allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths, significantly increasing crop yields and reducing waste.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher and economist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto (1848).

Class Struggles

The historical conflicts between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers) as argued by Karl Marx.

Friedrich Engels

A social scientist and philosopher who partnered with Marx to develop Marxist theory.

The Condition of the Working Class in England

A work authored by Friedrich Engels in 1845, detailing the harsh realities of industrial life.

Adam Smith

Known as the 'father of modern economics' and author of The Wealth of Nations (1776).

Laissez-faire

An economic policy that allowed owners of industry and business to set working conditions without interference.

Jeremy Bentham

An English philosopher and founder of Utilitarianism.

Utilitarianism

The philosophy that people should judge their ideas, institutions, and actions based on their usefulness.

Horace Mann

An American educational reformer who advocated for public financing of education.

Father of the Common School

A title given to Horace Mann for his belief in universal public education as a means to cultivate disciplined citizens.

Cottage Industry

Also known as the 'Domestic System,' where goods were produced by hand in individuals' homes rather than in factories.

Guild / Guild System

Pre-industrial associations of craftsmen or merchants who controlled the practice of their craft in a particular town.

Crop Rotation

The practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons.

Enclosure Movement

A process in England where landowners fenced off common lands to create large, private farms.

Steam Engine

Improved by James Watt in the late 18th century, providing a portable and reliable power source.

Colonization

The process where industrialized nations sought colonies to secure raw materials and create new markets for their manufactured goods.

The 'West' and the 'Rest'

A concept describing the widening economic and technological gap between industrialized Western nations and non-industrialized parts of the world.

Patent

A legal protection granted to inventors, giving them exclusive rights to their inventions for a certain period.

Urbanization

The massive movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Modernization

The transition from a traditional, rural, and agrarian society to a secular, urban, and industrial society.

Union

Voluntary labor associations formed by workers to press for reforms, such as better working conditions and higher wages.

Strike

A primary tactic used by unions where workers refuse to work until their demands are met by employers.

Monetary Capital

Financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business.

Social Capital

The networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.