A&P - Chapter 7: Joints & Movement

Joint

(Articulation) A location where two or more bones come together.

moveable

Many joints are ______ but not all.

movement

The structure of a joint correlates with how much and what kinds of ______ it allows (if any).

connecting

Man joints are given names based on the bones ______ at the joint.

connective tissue

Joints are classified by the type of ____________ that binds the bones, and whether or not the joint has a fluid-filled capsule.

Types of Joints

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial

Fibrous Joints

Two bones connected by fibrous CT, have no joint cavity, and exhibit little or no movement.

Joint Cavity

Space filled with synovial fluid, surrounded by a capsule.

Types of Fibrous Joints

Suture, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.

Sutures

Fibrous joints between bones of the skull, often have interlocking/fingerlike processes along joint (zig-zag pattern)

fontanels

Newborns have ______, or large areas of the sutures that have not ossified yet.

Syndesmosis

Fibrous joint between two bones that are joined by ligaments, often allow a limited amount of movement.

Tibiofibular Joint

An example of a syndesmosis joint. The two bones in your leg are held tight by the interosseous membrane as well as some ligaments at each end.

Gomphosis

"sockets" + "pegs" held together by fibrous CT, little to no movement allowed. Type of joint found between teeth and the mandible, and teeth and the maxilla.

Periodontal Ligaments

The specialized CT bundles holding the teeth to the bone.

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Synchondrosis and Symphysis

Cartilaginous Joints

Two bones united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.

Synchondrosis

Two bones connected by hyaline cartilage, shows little to no movement, and includes epiphyseal plates.

Symphyses

Two bones connected by fibrocartilage and some are slightly moveable.

Types of Synovial Joints

Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, plane/gliding joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, ball-and-socket joints, ellipsoid joints, and saddle joints.

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid within a cavity surrounding the ends of two or more bones.

appendicular

Most joints in the __________ skeleton are synovial joints.

joint capsule

Synovial joints always have a _____________ surrounding the ends of the bones.

articular disk

Many synovial joints have a full or partial ___________ to distribute forces evenly.

Meniscus

An incomplete fibrocartilage version found in the knees and wrists.

bursa

Many joint capsules have a pocket-like extension called a _______ providing additional cushion.

Uniaxial

Movement around one axis.

Biaxial

Movement around two axes, usually perpendicular to each other.

Multiaxial

Movement around several axes.

Plane/Gliding Joints

Uniaxial, allow some gliding.

Pivot Joints

Uniaxial, allow rotation.

Hinge Joints

Uniaxial, allow back and forth motion.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Multiaxial, allows wide range of movement.

shapes

Ellipsoid joint and saddle joints have the same movement (biaxial, back and forth motion in two directions) but different ______.

skeletal system

One of the primary functions of the ____________ is movement of limbs and the human body.

bones, joints

The type of movement available is determined by the ______ and ______ at that location.

pairs

Movements often go in _______ (back and forth relationship).

Gliding Movements

Occur at gliding/plane joints, flat surfaces slide over one another, there is no opposite movement.

Types of Angular Movement

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction

Angular Movements

Movements where the angle between body parts is changed, always run in pairs.

Flexion

bend

Extension

Straighten

Dorsiflexion

Movement toward shin

Plantar Flexion

Pointing toes away from body

Hyperextension

Abnormal, forced movement beyond normal range.

Abduction

Movement away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement towards the midline.

Lateral Flexion

Abduction of the neck and vertebrae.

Types of Circular Movements

Rotation, Pronation, Supination, Circumduction

Circular Movements

Movements that involve rotation or movement around an arc.

opposite

You can have lateral and medial rotation in limbs, but there is not _______ of rotation.

Pronation

Movement towards laying "face down".

Supination

Movement towards laying "face up".

Circumduction

Cone-shaped rotation, only occur at ball-and-socket joints.

Special Movements

Movements unique to one or two joints, they do not fit well into the other categories.

Types of Special Movements

Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction, Excursion, Oppostion, Reposition, Inversion, and Eversion.

Elevation

Move structure superiorly.

Depression

Move structure inferiorly.

Protraction

Glide anteriorly.

Retraction

Glide posteriorly.

mandible

Elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction all apply to the _______ and scapulae.

Excursion

Movement of the jaw to the left or right.

Medial Excursion

The returning of the jaw to the midline.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb across the palm.

Reposition

Return of the thumb to an anatomical position.

Inversion

Twisting of whole foot medially.

Eversion

Twisting of whole foot laterally.