RBT Certification- Day 2

Shaping Behaviors (⭐⭐⭐)

behaviors can be shaped (molded) by reinforcing approximations over time and building the behavior into an independent skill

Discrimination Training (⭐⭐⭐)

a teaching method that helps individuals distinguish between two or more stimuli such as objects, sounds, pictures, etc., and respond correctly to the cue

Continuous Measurement (⭐⭐⭐)

measuring a behavior every time it happens

• _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ → discontinuous behavior onset

Frequency (⭐)

measuring each instance a behavior occurs

Duration (⭐)

measuring the total elapsed time a behavior occurs

Rate (⭐)

frequency (count) / time

Latency (⭐)

the amount of time that passes between the onset of a stimulus (SD) and the beginning of a behavior

• stimulus [→] behavior

Inter-Response Time (IRT) (⭐)

time between two behaviors

• behavior [→] behavior

Discontinuous Measurement (⭐⭐⭐)

estimating behavior at certain times

• _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ → continuous behavior onset

Momentary Time Sampling (⭐)

presence or absence of a behavior at a specific moment of time

Partial Interval Recording (⭐)

observation is divided into intervals of times. The observer records if the behavior occurred during ANY part of the interval

Whole Interval Recording (⭐)

observation is divided into intervals of times. The observer records if the behavior occurred during the WHOLE interval

Permanent Product Recording (⭐)

measuring behavior after it has occurred by measuring the effects the behavior produced on the environment (such as how many math problems were completed)

Functions of Behavior

helps to understand the underlying reason for the behavior and how proper intervention can be done

Automatic: Self-Stimulatory or Self-Seeking

behaviors in this function are controlled by the person emitting these behaviors

• Example: hand-flapping

Escape

Leaving an unpreferred interaction, task, activity, or person

• Example: running away when a task is presented

Access

Gaining _ _ _ _ _ _ to preferred items, activities, and/or people

• Example: screaming when denied _ _ _ _ _ _ to a toy or activity

Attention

Seeking _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from others

• Example: hitting when wanting to play

Antecedent Interventions

intervening with different strategies that may help prevent the behavior according to the FUNCTION

Types of Antecedent Strategies (⭐⭐⭐)

1. Offering Choices

2. Premack Principle (First/Them)

3. Priming (visual, verbal, or audial reminders)

4. Visual Supports

5. Non-contingent Attention

Offering Choices

Function: to prevent Escape-maintained behaviors

Premack Principle (First/Then)

Function:

1. to prevent Escape-maintained behaviors

2. to prevent Access-maintained behaviors

Priming (visual, verbal, or audial reminders)

Function:

1. to prevent Escape-maintained behaviors

2. to prevent Access-maintained behaviors

Visual Supports

Function:

1. to prevent Escape-maintained behaviors

2. to prevent Access-maintained behaviors

Non-contingent Attention

Function: to prevent Attention-maintained behaviors

How to respond to behaviors?

If the antecedent intervention DID NOT or was NOT implemented correctly or in time, we respond to the behavior in terms of consequence

Consequence Strategies (⭐⭐⭐)

1. Extinction

2. Differential Reinforcement

Extinction

withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior if the function is

• Attention: planned ignoring

• Access: denied access

• Escape: follow through with the demand

• Automatic: response blocking

Differential Reinforcement

putting one behavior on extinction and reinforcing an appropriate replacement behavior instead

1. Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

2. Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

3. Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)

challenging behavior is ignored & an alternative response is enforced instead

Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)

Challenging behavior is ignored, an incompatible behavior is reinforced

Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO)

Any other behavior is reinforced if it is not the challenging behavior

Responses to Consequence Strategies (⭐⭐⭐)

1. Extinction Burst

2. Spontaneous Recovery

3. Differential Reinforcement

Extinction Burst

an initial increase in frequency/intensity of the undesired behavior that is put on extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

a behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its pre-reinforcement level or stopped entirely

Functional Communication Training (FCT)

reinforcing an alternate communication response that serves the same function as the challenging behavior

Redirection

pulling attention somewhere else

Chaining (⭐⭐⭐)

helping to teach complex skills by breaking down a skill into a series of steps (task analysis)

Forward Chaining

1st step in TA is learned by child. 1st step is completed independently, then every following step is prompted

FC = First step independent

Backward Chaining

All the steps until the last step are prompted. The last step is done independently by the child.

BC = last step independent

Total Task Chaining

The entire task analysis is prompted and then prompts are faded over time for parts that don’t need support

TTC = only help when needed

Environmental Modification

changing the environment to prevent antecedents of a behavior