Reproduction in Organisms

India

It was introduced in ________ due to its beautiful flowers and the shape of its leaves.

Euglena

In ________, longitudinal binary fission takes place.

Deprives

________ oxygen which leads to the death of fish.

vegetative reproduction

It is called ________ in plants.

Clones

________ are morphologically and genetically similar.

Zoospores

Chlamydomonas

Conidia

Penicillium

Buds

Hydra

Gemmules

Sponges

Vegetative propagules

Give rise to new offspring

Rhizome

Ginger, Banana

Tuber

Potato

Leaf buds

Bryophyllum, Kalanchoe

Bulbil

Agave

Bulb

Onion

Offset

Pistia, Eichhornia, Water Hyacinth

eg

Hydra, fliamentous mosses, sprirogyra etc

Terror of Bengal

Water Hyacinth

life span

The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life span

asexual reproduction

When offspring is produced by a single parent with or without the involvement of gamete formation, the reproduction is asexual.

sexual reproduction

When two parents (opposite sex) participate in the reproductive process and also involve the fusion of male and female gametes, it is called sexual reproduction.

clone

morphological and genetically similar organisms.

binary fission

Many single-celled organisms reproduce by binary fission, where a cell divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult.
Amoeba (simple), Paramecium (transverse), Euglena (longitudinal)

encystation

Under unfavourable condition the Amoeba withdraws its pseudopodia and secretes a three-layered hard covering or cyst around itself. This phenomenon is termed as encystation.

sporulation

the spores are liberated in the surrounding medium to grow up into many amoebae. This phenomenon is known as sporulation.

multiple fission

When favorable conditions return, the encysted Amoeba divides by multiple fission and produces many-minute amoeba or pseudopodiospores.

budding

In yeast, the division is unequal and small buds are produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which, eventually gets separated and mature into new yeast organisms.

vegetative propagules

It gives rise to new offspring.
rhizome: ginger, banana
leaf buds: bryophyllum
offset: water haycinth
bulbil: agave
bulb: onion
tuber: potato

asexual reproductive reproductive structures

zoospores: chlamydomonas
conidia: penicilium
gemmules: sponges
buds: hydra

juvenile/vegetative phase

the phase when the organism undergoes the changes to reach the reproductive phase.

reproductive phase

the phase in which due to reproductive processes organisms produce offspring.

senescence

the phase when all the metabolic processes slow down and organisms die.

pre-fertilization

These include all the events of sexual reproduction prior to the fusion of gametes. The two main pre-fertilization events are gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

fertilization

creation by the physical union of male and female gametes; of sperm and ova in an animal or pollen and ovule in a plant

post-fertilization

Events in sexual reproduction after the formation of zygote are called post-fertilization events.

embryo

Inside the mature seed is the progenitor of the next generation, the embryo.

zygote

The vital link between generations.

post-fertilization changes in plants

ovule ---> seed
ovary ---> fruit, pericarp
zygote ---> embryo
anther, petals, sepals fall down

gametogenesis

gametogenesis refers to the process of formation of the two types of gametes – male and female.

heterogametes

in a majority of sexually reproducing organisms the gametes produced are of two morphologically distinct types (heterogametes). In such organisms the male gamete is called the antherozoid or sperm and the female gamete is called the egg or ovum.

homogametes

In some algae, the two gametes are so similar in appearance that it is not possible to categorize them into male and female gametes. They are hence called homogametes (isogametes)

turion

fleshy buds of aquatic plants

neoteny

`it is the retention of larval characters

paedogenesis

small flies like miastor, reproduction occurs in larval stage

regeneration

growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs

morphallaxis

regeneration on a reduced scale of a body part; observed especially in invertebrates such as certain lobsters

epimorphosis

epimorphosis is defined as the regeneration of a specific part of an organism.