Anatomy Exam 2 Content

Functions of the Digestive System

Digestion, absorption, elimination.

Trigone

Triangular shaped region in the floor of the bladder marked by openings of the urethra and 2 ureters.

Broad Ligament

Fold of perimetrium that supports the uterus, suspends ovaries, upper border is where the uterine tubes lie.

Farnix

The cervix dips into the superior portion forming recesses.

Rectouterine Pouch

Most inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity, adjacent to posterior farnix.

Which cavity is the uterus in?

Peritoneal Cavity.

Fimbriae

Fringe-like extensions that creates currents to sweep the ovum into the fallopian tube.

Uterus

Superior portion rests on the urinary bladder, inferior portion is embedded in the pelvic floor between the bladder and the rectum.

Uterus: Fundus

Smaller rounded region at the top of the uterus above the tubal entrance.

Ligaments of Ovary

Mesovarium, Mesosalpinx, Broad Ligament.

The ovaries and fallopian tubes are ____.

Not connected.

How does the ovum move to the uterus?

Cilia move the ovum through peristalsis.

Infundibulum

Funnel shape of the fallopian tubes.

Ampulla

The longest segment of the fallopian tubes.

Urethra (Females)

Posterior to the pubic symphysis, embedded in the anterior vaginal wall and opens between labia minora, about 1.5 inches long.

Urethra (Males)

Passes through the prostate and joined by 2 ducts carrying spermatozoa, part of the reproductive system, about 8 inches long.

Urine Composition

approximately 95% water and 5% waste products.

Waste products in urine.

Urea, ammonia, uric acid.

Aldosterone

Hormone produced by the adrenal cortex.

Atrial Natriuretic Hormone

Produced by specialized cells in the atria of the heart to regulate sodium levels that are absorbed or secreted into the renal tubules.

Average Capacity of the Urinary Bladder

700-800 mL.

bladder wall receptors transmit signals to the CNS to urinate at about ___ capacity.

200-400 mL.

Isthmus (Female Reproductive System)

The narrow portion of the fallopian tube before it connects to the uterus.

Digestive Tract

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus.

Digestive Tract: Accessory Organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Layers of Digestive Tract Wall

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.

Mucosa

Lining of tube’s lumen, mucous membrane, secretes mucous to protect lining and deeper tissues.

Submucosa

Connective tissue, contains blood vessels and some nerves.

Muscularis Externa

2 layers of smooth muscle (circular and longitudinal), peristalsis.

Peristalsis

Wavelike movement in the wall of an organ/duct that propels contents forward.

Serosa

Outermost layer of serous membrane, forms inner layer of peritoneum.

Oral/Buccal Cavity Functions

Ingestion, mastication, deglutition.

Deglutition

Swallowing, moves controlled amounts of food towards the throat.

Parts of the Oral/Buccal Cavity

Vestibule, hard palate, soft palate, tongue, bolus, salivary glands, teeth.

Vestibule

The area between the teeth, lips, and cheeks.

Hard Palate

Roof of the mouth, part of the maxilla and palatine bones.

Soft Palate

Posterior roof of the oral cavity.

Uvula

Soft, fleshy, V-shaped mass that hangs from the soft palate.

Tongue

Muscular organ that projects into the mouth. Aids in chewing and swallowing. Surface receptors/taste buds differentiate taste.

Bolus

Small portion of chewed food mixed with saliva.

Saliva

Watery solution that moistens food and facilitates mastication and deglutition. Helps keep teeth and mouth clean, and contains some antibodies.

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that initiates carbohydrate digestion.

3 Salivary Glands

Parotid, submandibular, sublingual.

Parotid Glands

Largest, located inferior and anterior to the ear.

Submandibular Glands

Located near the body of the lower jaw.

Sublingual Glands

Located under the tongue.

Number of Baby/Deciduous Teeth

20.

Number of Adult Teeth

32.

Types of Teeth

Incisors, cuspids, molars.

Incisors

Cutting teeth.

Cuspids

Canines, eyeteeth.

Molars

Grinding teeth.

Each quadrant of the mouth from anterior to posterior has:

2 incisors, 1 cuspid, 5 molars (2 premolars, 3 molars).

Dentin

Main substance of tooth that is harder than bone.

Soft Pulp (Teeth)

Contains blood vessels and nerves.

Crown

Part of the tooth that projects above the gums, covered with enamel.

Enamel

Hardest substance in the body.

Roots

Located below the gumline in bony socket (alveolar process).

Pharynx

Throat, combined pathway for respiratory and digestive systems, divided into 3 sections (nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx).

Nasopharynx

Superior portion of the pharynx immediately behind nasal cavity. Contains pharyngeal tonsils/adenoids and eustachian tubes that connect with the inner ear.

Oropharynx

portion of the pharynx posterior to the mouth, contains palatine tonsils (sides of the throat) and laryngeal tonsils at the base of the tongue.

Laryngopharynx

Most inferior portion of the pharynx, opens anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus.E

Esophagus

Fibro muscular tube, lubricates food with mucous and moves food to the stomach through peristalsis.

Esophageal Hiatus

Opening from the esophagus into the diaphragm.

Stomach

J-shaped organ located in the superior left region of the abdominal cavity. Divided into the greater curvature, lesser curvature, fundus, pylorus, and body.

Sphincter

Muscular ring that regulates the size of an opening, 2 of them separate the stomach from other organs.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (Cardiac Sphincter)

Controls passage from esophagus to stomach.

Pyloric Sphincter

Located between the distal end of the stomach and small intestine. Regulates how quickly food moves into the small intestine.

Functions of the Stomach

Storage pouch, digestive organ, churn.

Gastric Juice

Comprised of hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

Hydrochloric Acid

Unwinds proteins, destroys foreign organisms.

Pepsin

Protein digesting enzyme, activated by HCl.

Small Intestines

Longest part of the digestive tract and smaller in diameter. Divided into 3 sections (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).

Duodenum

Shortest section of the small intestines.

Jejunum

Middle section of the small intestines.

Ileum

Section of the small intestines that empties into the large intestine.

Functions of the Small Intestines

Secretion, motility, digestion, absorption.

Peyer’s Patches

Many small masses of lymphoid tissue located on the walls of the small intestines (ileum) that help keep bacteria present in food residue from entering the blood stream.

Small Intestines: Secretion

Mucus is secreted by the duodenal mucosa and submucosa for protection.

Duodenal Mucosa and Submucosa

Enzymes for the final stages of carbohydrate and protein digestion.

Small Intestines: Motility

Minimal peristalsis, segmentation ensures thorough mixing.

Small Intestines: Digestion

Location for most digestion.

Small Intestines: Absorption

Takes place through vili in the mucosa.

Vili

Finger-like projections in the small intestines.

Liver

Largest accessory organ located in superior right portion of the abdominal cavity under the dome of the diaphragm. Comprised of large right lobe and smaller left lobe.

Liver: Right Lobe

comprised of 2 smaller and inferior lobes.

Function the Liver

Manufactures bile, controls blood glucose, stores fat, iron and vitamins, forms blood plasma proteins, detoxifies harmful substances, and destroys old red blood cells.

Bilirubin

Pigment byproduct of the destruction of red blood cells by the liver.Bi

Bile

Processes fat into smaller droplets that can be acted on more effectively. Leaves lobe through 2 ducts that merge to from the Common Hepatic Duct.

Common Bile Duct

Combination of the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct.

Gallbladder

Muscular sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores bile.

Pancreas

A long, heterocrine gland that extends from the duodenum to the spleen.

Heterocrine Gland

Produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions.

Pancreas: Exocrine Function

Produces enzymes that digest fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids which collect in the pancreatic duct along with bile to enter the duodenum.

Pancreas: Endocrine Function

Produces the hormones insulin and glucagon that regulates glucose levels and metabolism.

Islets of Langerhans

Specialized group of cells in the endocrine portion of the pancreas that secrete insulin.

Pancreatic Ducts

Exocrine portion of the pancreas where pancreatic juice travels to join up with the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum.

Hepatopancreatic Duct

The union of the pancreatic duct and common bile duct (exocrine).

Large Intestine

Located in the lower right region of the abdomen, consists of cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Cecum

Small pouch in the large intestine that contains the ilocecal valve and the vermiform appendix.