APUSH- Units 1 & 2 (Early Contact with New World and Colonization of North America

City upon a hill

Massachusetts Bay- model colony for others to look up to

Encomienda

Crown granted colonists authority over a specified number of natives; colonists were obliged to protect those natives and convert to Catholicism in exhcange for labor

Headright system

allowed landowners to purchase fifty acres of land for every immigrant whose journey they sponsored

indentured servitude

form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay an indenture or loan within a certain timeframe

joint stock company

a business owned by its investors, with each investor owning a share of the company based on the amount that they've invested

mercantilism

form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practice

middle passage

middle leg of the transatlantic trade; very harsh conditons

praying towns

settlements established by English colonial governments in New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert local Native Americans to Christianity

pre-columbian era

era before europeans entered america

proprietary colony

overned by a lord proprietor, who, holding authority by virtue of a royal charter, usually exercised that authority almost as an independent sovereign.

revivalism

belief in or the promotion of a revival of religious fervor

royal colony

a colony governed directly by the crown through a governor and council appointed by i

salutary neglect

he unofficial British policy where parliamentary rules and laws were loosely or not enforced on the American colonies and trad

slavery

a condition in which one human being was owned by another; mainly African

spanish mission system

convert natives to Christianity

Tariffs

a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native American Indians out of Virginia.

Columbian Exchange

exchange of plants, animals, foods, communicable diseases, and ideas

The First Great Awakening

The First Great Awakening or the Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s

King Philip’s War

the Native Americans' last-ditch effort to avoid recognizing English authority and stop English settlement on their native lands

Pequot War

The main cause of the Pequot War was competition over control of trade and land. The English Puritans expanded into Pequot territory, which resulted in growing tension

Pueblo Revolt

successful revolt against spanush

Salem Witch Trials

The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts

Spanish Armada defeat

Defeated by English Navy allowing colonization of North America easier

The “starving time”

Nearly 90% of Jamestown died due to lack of food

Stono Uprising

Slaves gathered, raided a firearms shop, and headed south, killing more than 20 white people as they went

Anne Hutchinson

Believed that faith and God’s Grace, compared to deeds, was suffice in earning a place among the elect

Bartolemé de las Casas

Spanish Conquistador

Calvinists

God selected a limited number of souls to grant salvation and there's nothing any individual person can do during their mortal life to alter their eternal fate.

Christopher Columbus

Spanish explorer who accidentally landed in Americas instead of Asia

Congregationalists

church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community

Conquistadors

spanish explorers

George Whitefield

George Whitefield was a preacher and public figure who led many revival meetings both in England and the American colonies. He became a religious icon who spread a message of personal salvation and a more democratic Christianit

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Jamestown and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

John Smith

an English adventurer and soldier, and one of the founders and leaders of the Jamestown, Virginia, settlement. Smith also led expeditions exploring Chesapeake Bay and the New England coast.

Johnathan Edwards

Johnathan Edwards, an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his " Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God " sermon.

Juan de Oñate

Spanish conquistador who explored the areas of Mexico and what is now Texas and New Mexico in 1598. He was infamous for his cruelty to the Pueblo Indians

Maroons

runaway slaves in the West Indies, Central America, South America, and North America, who formed independent settlements together

Metacomet

Metacom is best known for his role in King Philip's War, an uprising against English settlers.

Pilgrims

pilgrims were a form of putitan (separatists) who wanted to completely break away from the church of England. They emigrated to the Americas on the mayflower

Plains tribes

nomadic

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him

Powhatan Confederacy

the name of a group of Native American tribes that were very powerful during the 17th century in the area now known as Virginia. The confederacy rose in power under the leadership of Powhatan.

Pueblo people

desert southwest; had multistory stibe houses

Puritans

Arrived in American in 1629; aimed to purify the Anglican Church of corruption and separatists who wanted to end times with the Church entirely

Roger Williams

He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.

Separatists

People who wanted to have a separate, or different church. Also known as Pilgrims.

Virginia Company

refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock companies chartered by James I on 10 April 1606 with the purposes of establishing settlements on the coast of North Americ

Sir Walter Raleigh

One of the first English explorers to attempt to make an English Settlement in the new world. tried 2x and named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth I

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers

Zambos

It is a Spanish and Portuguese expression referring to people of mixed Indigenous and African ancestry

Bering Strait

believed that once, due to lower sea levels, this passage was above water, allowing acient peoples to walk across to north america.

The Chesapeake

Area compriesed of Virginia and Maryland; became area after new settaround Jamestown

Jamestown

Funded by a joint stock company; faced massive drought and starvation, killing many people. eventually saved by tobacco- used as economy source

The Lower South

Concentrated on cash crops such as tobacco and rice

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony formed by Pikgrims; made up of Calvinists

Middle Colonies

New York, PA and NJ- focsued primarily on farming

New England

Focused on trade; boston was major port city

Act of Toleration

Protected religious freedom of Christians in Maryland

Dominion of New England

An English government attempt to clamp down illegal trade

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

defined the powers of colonial government and allowed more men to vote than in Massachusett

Halfway Covenant

A Puritan church document; that in 1662 allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members

Maryland Toleration Act

nsured religious freedoms to Christian settlers of different denominations who settled in Maryland

Mayflower Compact

Legal agreement for the colony that asserted that teh governmnet’s power comes from consent of those governed not God

Navigation Acts

Requited colonists to buy good only from England, to sell certain of their products only to England, and to import any non-English goods via English ports and pay a duty on thse importso