chapter 13 14 bio quiz

transformation

when one type of bacteria changes permanently into a harmful form by being exposed to a harmful bacteria even if dead

1. What is the process in which one type of cell takes in genetic material from another and changes?

transformation

What is a virus that infects and kills bacteria?

bacteriophage

What is the theory that DNA bases match up in a strand?

base pairing

What is the process of copying DNA before the cell divides?

replication

What is the enzyme that helps make DNA?

Dna polymerase

What are the reactive ends of a chromosome that help prevent damage?

telomere

7. What is the molecule that helps make protein from DNA instructions?

RNA

8. What type of RNA carries genetic instructions from DNA to the cell’s protein-making parts?

mRNA

What type of RNA helps make up ribosomes

ribosomal RNA

What type of RNA carries amino acids to ribosomes to build proteins?

tRNA

What is the process of making RNA from DNA?

transcription

What is the enzyme that helps make RNA from DNA?

RNA polymerase

What is the section of DNA that RNA polymerase starts copying a gene from?

Promoter

What is the part of a gene that gets removed before making a protein?

Intron

What is the part of a gene that stays in RNA and helps make protein?

Exon

6. What is a chain of amino acids that form proteins

Polypeptide

. What is the set of rules that tell cells how to read DNA to make proteins?

Genetic Code

What is a group of three RNA or DNA bases that codes for an amino acid?

Codon

What is the process where the cell uses RNA to make a protein?

Translation

What is a set of three bases on tRNA that matches a codon on mRNA?

Anticodon

. What is a group of genes that work together and control as a unit?

Operon

What is the part of DNA where a repressor can attach to stop a gene from being used?

Operator

What is the process when cells become specialized for different jobs in an organism?

Differentiation

What is a type of gene that directly controls the formation of body structures?

Homeobox gene

What is a specific group of homeobox genes that control the layout of an organism’s body?

Hox gene

What is a change in DNA that can affect how a gene works?

Mutation

What is a mutation that changes a single DNA base?

Point mutation

What is a mutation that shifts how DNA is read by adding or deleting a base?

frame shift mutation

What is something that causes mutations, like radiation or chemicals?

mutagen

What is the condition when a cell has extra sets of chromosomes instead of two?

Polyploidy

What did the Hershey- Chase experiment show and how did they show it?

Whether or not bacteriophages can infect bacteria and whether cells use DNA or proteins to store genetic information.

They grew viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus 32 and sulfur 35

This statement best describes how tRNA molecules assemble amino acids into a polypeptide?

The different tRNA molecules act in a specific order, one after the other like an assembly line

What kind of bonds hold the bases together

hydrogen bonds

Which of Chargaff’s rules explains how base pairing works?

in a DNA molecule, the amount of adenine (A) always equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) always equals the amount of guanine (G).

What are the pieces and parts of a DNA molecule made of? 

• Sugar – A deoxyribose sugar (a five-carbon sugar) that forms the backbone of DNA.

• Phosphate Group – A phosphate group that links the sugar molecules of adjacent nucleotides, creating the sugar-phosphate backbone.

• Nitrogenous Base – One of four bases:

  • Adenine (A)

  • Thymine (T)

  • Cytosine (C)

  • Guanine (G)

How does DNA replication in prokaryotes occur?

binary fission

How can  mutations affect the polypeptide that forms?

Mutations can change the sequence of nucleotides in DNA, which can affect the polypeptide (protein) that forms.

How does DNA replication differ between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? 

• Eukaryotes have multiple replication origins and require telomerase to maintain chromosome ends. Located in the Nucleus

• Prokaryotes replicate faster and have a single circular chromosome with a single origin. Located in the cytoplasm

During DNA replication, what is the role of enzymes called telomerases?

Preventing loss or damage during replication

mutation that involves only one nucleiotide only

point mutation

What type or types of RNA contain a copy of the instructions that a gene carries?

messenger RNA (mRNA)

What event occurs before transcription occurs in RNA?

transcription initiation

What would happen if a cell divides before DNA replication is completed?

incomplete genetic material and may die

how does prokaryote and eukaryote differ (blooket)

eukaryotes use multiple replication forks to replicate a larger volume of DNA

How does the double helix structure explain

because of base pairing, each strand has all the information to serve as a template for the other strand.

when must dna replication occur

before mitosis

Chargaffs rules of base pairing are explained by which structural feature of DNA

Dna is double standed, and hydrogen bonds between base pairs hold the strands together.

conclusion of hershey chase experiment

bacteriophage injects DNA into the bacterial cells

What is the most significant cause of cell differentiation in a multicellular organism?

differences in gene regulation and gene expression among cells

In eukaryotic cells, how do transcription factors act to control gene expression?

they bind to regulatory regions of DNA near the genes

RNA polymerase binding to a region near the gene called the promoter

beginning of transcription

How does the double-helical structure of DNA explain how the molecules can be copied or replicated?

because of base pairing each strand has all the information to serve as a template for the other strand.