Foundations in Pharmacy Practice Exam 1

3 critical aspects of civilization formation

a system of exchange, system of writing, and a system of weights and measurements

The oldest pharmacy document known was traced back to the:

Summarians

Where does the Rx symbol come from

the latin word recipie

The Egyptian mythology provides alternate use for the Rx symbol which is the:

Eye of Horus

Where was the shanidar cave located?

Mesopotamia

What is the internationally recognized symbol of pharmacy?

Hygeias bowl

Who was famous for humoral pathology?

Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician, is renowned for his theory of humoral pathology, which proposed that health is maintained by a balance of bodily fluids.

What was the first commercial pharmacy was in what city?

Bagdad - 754 AD

2 things not approved in Fredricks II’s two sicilies?

not 100% sure but maybe: the practice of both medicine and pharmacy by a single person and the unsupervised sale of medications

Who was the first licensed pharmacist in the world?

Jean Peyroux

Who was the Apothecary-General

Andrew Craig

Who was an ancient Chinese researcher into agriculture and healthcare?

Shennong the “divine farmer” - wrote the Devine Farmer’s Herb-Root Classic which describes 365 medicines

What is the difference between Edwin Smith Papyrus and Ebers Papyrus?

Eber’s contained 700 drugs with 800 formulas, Edwin Smith papyrus more known for being suprisingly rational and logically focused (emphasis on trauma, surgery, and wounds?)

The _______ oath was named after who?

the Hippocratic oath after Hippocrates

Famous ancient twins who practiced apothecary - "successful” leg transplant?

Cosmas and Damian

Who was famous for using chemical reactions to discover drugs and theorized of electrolytes in the body?

maybe paracelsus or Arrhenius?

What triggered the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 and what was it?

the sulfanilamide tragedy which required that new drugs had to proven safe by the FDA, properly labeled with directions, and more.

What did the Durham-Humphrey amendment do?

Provided distinction between prescription and non-prescription dugs and Rx medications must have federal legend

What did the Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962 do?

Required new drugs must be effective not just safe.

What are the characteristics of CIs?

Schedule I (C-I)

• Abuse Potential: Highest

• Medical Use: No accepted medical use in the U.S.

• Dependence Risk: Lack of accepted safety, high potential for abuse

• Examples: Heroin, LSD, ecstasy (MDMA), cannabis (federally still Schedule I)

describe CIIs?

Schedule II (C-II)

• Abuse Potential: High

• Medical Use: Accepted medical use with severe restrictions

• Dependence Risk: High potential for severe psychological or physical dependence

• Examples: Oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, morphine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate

CIIIs

Schedule III (C-III)

• Abuse Potential: Moderate to low compared to I & II

• Medical Use: Accepted medical use

• Dependence Risk: Moderate to low physical dependence; high psychological dependence possible

• Examples: Anabolic steroids, ketamine, products with codeine <90 mg per dosage unit (e.g., Tylenol with codeine #3), testosterone

Schedule IVs

Schedule IV (C-IV)

• Abuse Potential: Low compared to Schedule III

• Medical Use: Accepted medical use

• Dependence Risk: Limited physical or psychological dependence compared to Schedule III

• Examples: Benzodiazepines (alprazolam, lorazepam, diazepam), zolpidem, tramadol

Schedule V drugs

Schedule V (C-V)

• Abuse Potential: Lowest among controlled substances

• Medical Use: Accepted medical use

• Dependence Risk: Limited potential for dependence relative to Schedule IV

• Examples: Cough preparations with ≤200 mg codeine per 100 mL (e.g., Robitussin AC), pregabalin, diphenoxylate/atropine

What did the BNDD later become?

The DEA (BNDD stood for bureau of narcotics and dangerous drugs)

What is mindset theory?

Core assumptions about the malleability of personal qualities and a social cognitive approach that stems from goals and goal oriented behaviors

Describe fixed mindset

Believe that intelligence is not under one's own control

Abilities are stable and unchanging

A person has a set amount of potential

They breed helpless response patterns

Describe growth mindset

Intelligence is malleable cultivated and developed with effort and experience, despite differences in attitude, interest, or personality. Fixed mindset is linked to higher academic achievement, taking more challenging courses, and college retention.

What are mechanisms of mindset?

Reaction to failure, persistence, and level of effort, expectations of success

How to cultivate growth minded pharmacists

Provide direct instructions

Candidly and humbly share failures and rejections

Use conscious and deliberate word choices

Use Socratic questioning design to help students think critically solve problems and make connections

What are three main focus areas in caring for diverse populations

Reform and providing patient centered effective efficient and equitable care

Preparation of health professionals to address the increasingly diverse population

Integration of cross, cultural education into health, professions education to improve quality of care and to reduce health disparities

Why is caring for diverse populations important

Because direct communication is essential to quality care and patient safety

What are barriers that could lead to poor outcomes?

Language barriers, hearing or vision, impairments literacy, cultural, cognitive, limitation, intubation disease

What are three levels of social determinants of health?

Individual lifestyle factors, social and community networks, general, socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions

What are examples of environmental determinants of health?

Agriculture and food, production, education, work environment, living and working conditions, an employment, water, and sanitation healthcare services housing

What is the relationship between ZIP Codes and health outcomes?

Life expectancy based on ZIP Codes is a strong predictor of overall health

How is ZIP Code health disparities being addressed?

Studies on the community level health databases that combine health data with social data which allows analysis to hotspot the vulnerable. Also mobile technology which 84% of low income adults have access to

What is interprofessional education?

Two or more professions come together to learn about from and with each other to enable effective collaboration and improve health outcomes

Why is interprofessional care important?

Because of the aging population and increasing complexity of chronic diseases, more complex skills, knowledge and specialization is required to improve comprehensive patient care

What are the challenges of interprofessional care?

No clear evidence about what exactly makes a good team higher goal situations conflicting studies on actual outcomes, time resource limitations, and reimbursement

What are the four IPC core competencies?

Value/ethics, roles/responsibilities, communication, and teamwork

How can we advance interprofessional professionalism?

Consistent demonstration of core values evidence by professionals working together, aspiring to and wisely applying principles of altruism and caring excellence, ethics, respect, communication, accountability to achieve optimal, health, and wellness and individuals and communities

What is a pharmacy association?

Member driven pharmacy advocates that represent a unified voice

How does a state pharmacy association like TPA advocate for pharmacists?

Identifying relevant issues for Pharmacy professionals collaborating with legislators to introduce legislation proposing, drafted language for bills, testifying in front of committees and connecting pharmacy professionals with their legislators

Why do pharmacist counsel patients?

It's required by the omnibus budget reconciliation act of 1990

How does counseling improve patient care

Increases adherence to drug regimen, reduces the possibility of errors and prevents/provides an opportunity to detect adverse reactions

What kind of questions are used in counseling?

Open ended questions that cannot be answered with a simple yes or no because they encourage more complete disclosure of needed information

What are the three prime questions involved in patient counseling?

What were you told this medication is for? How are you told to take this medication and what were you told to expect?

What is the most important step of patient counseling?

The final verification step where the pharmacist asked the patient to summarize what they just went over

What are the three questions in the show and tell method if a patient has already taken medicine before?

What are you taking this medication for? how are you taking this medication? what have you noticed that is different?

What is drug information?

Medication information to assist in care decisions develop evidence, base recommendations, and improve patient outcomes

What is primary research information?

Original research this would original research ideas or scientific discoveries shared from one experiment or research study explained using research methodology does not include medical analysis, systemic reviews, or literature reviews.

What is secondary research information?

I sources that discuss interpret analyze, summarize or comment on a primary or secondary source this includes review articles systemic reviews met analysis

What is tertiary research information?

Summaries of existing medical literature this includes clinical, practice, guidelines, reviews, textbooks, point of care, tools, etc.

Lexi drug micro MedX, and natural medicines are what kind of source

Tertiary sources

What is pub med

Largest free database of biomedical literature maintained by the national center for biotechnology information. It is a primary and secondary source.

What are mesh terms?

Controlled vocabulary that provide consistency and uniformity. They select words or phrases to be the official words representing specific concepts. This allows the articles and databases to be organized by the specific concepts.

What is the preferred style for research?

AMA or American medical Association style 11th edition sometimes also called JAMA