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How did Democrats embrace ethnic pluralism? What were the effects of this embrace?
By supporting diversity and inclusion, promoting civil rights, and representing minority voices. Resulted in increased support from ethnic minorities, more diverse political representation, and challenges to systemic racism.
Who were “the left?” How did “the left” become associated with the Democrats?
"The left" refers to progressive political groups advocating for social equality, environmental issues, and labor rights. The association with Democrats grew as the party adopted these progressive ideals, especially during the civil rights movement and subsequent decades.
Why did communism grow in America, and how did this influence the New Deal?
The growth of communism in America was fueled by economic hardship during the Great Depression, leading to increased interest in socialist ideas. This influenced the New Deal by prompting the government to adopt more progressive policies to address economic inequality and social welfare.
How did American communists soften their message during the 1930’s?
They emphasized reformist goals, focusing on economic recovery and social justice rather than strict Marxist ideology, to gain broader support.
How did the Popular Front influence American culture in the 1930’s?
The Popular Front was a coalition of leftist groups that promoted unity against fascism and emphasized cultural production, leading to a flourishing of art, literature, and political activism that reflected progressive values.
Explain art and the image of the common man in the 1930’s
Art in the 1930s often depicted the struggles and dignity of the common man, reflecting the economic hardships of the Great Depression. This portrayal aimed to evoke empathy and highlight social issues, emphasizing themes of resilience and community.
How did radicals push the Democrats left?
Radicals pushed the Democrats left by advocating for more progressive policies, including labor rights, social welfare programs, and civil rights, which influenced the party's platform and attracted a broader base of support.
How did the Scotsboro Boys extend civil liberties?
The Scottsboro Boys case, involving nine African American teenagers wrongfully accused of raping two white women in 1931, highlighted racial injustice and led to significant legal battles that expanded civil liberties, particularly regarding the right to a fair trial and legal representation.
How did the CIO reach out to African Americans?
The CIO reached out to African Americans by actively promoting racial integration within labor unions, advocating for equal rights in the workplace, and supporting civil rights initiatives, which helped to engage African American workers in the labor movement.
How did unions regain their power in the 1930’s?
Unions regained their power in the 1930s by organizing mass strikes, gaining legal recognition through the Wagner Act, and effectively mobilizing workers to demand better wages and working conditions during the Great Depression.
To what extent did laws and legal institutions change to protect civil liberties?
Laws and legal institutions evolved significantly to protect civil liberties, particularly through landmark legislation and judicial rulings that addressed issues of discrimination, voting rights, and due process, ensuring greater protections for marginalized groups.
How was liberty of contract replaced?
Liberty of contract was replaced by a focus on government regulation and social welfare policies, emphasizing the need for fair labor standards and protections for workers, which shifted the legal framework towards prioritizing collective rights over individual contractual freedoms.
How were civil liberties restricted during the 1930’s?
Civil liberties were restricted during the 1930s through government actions such as the implementation of the Espionage Act, increased surveillance, and the suppression of dissenting voices, particularly in the context of labor movements and political opposition.
Examples of Civil Liberty Extensions in 1930’s
include the establishment of the National Labor Relations Act, which protected workers' rights to organize and engage in collective bargaining, and the expansion of free speech protections under the First Amendment.
Examples of Civil Liberty restrictions in 1930’s
included the imposition of censorship, the internment of Japanese Americans, and the curtailment of political protests and strikes.
How did Southern Democrats respond to the New Deal? Why did they respond this way?
Southern Democrats opposed the New Deal due to concerns over federal intervention in state affairs and the potential threat to the existing racial order, fearing that reforms could empower African Americans and disrupt the Jim Crow system.
Why did Southerners begin to shift to the Republican party?
The shift of Southerners to the Republican Party began due to growing discontent with the Democratic Party's stance on civil rights and social issues, as well as the appeal of conservative economic policies and opposition to federal overreach.
Why did the New Deal end?
The New Deal ended due to a combination of factors, including the shift in political priorities following World War II, the Supreme Court's opposition to certain programs, and a growing belief that the economy had stabilized without the need for continued government intervention.
Successes of New Deal (ranked most significant to least significant)
The successes of the New Deal included the establishment of Social Security, bank reforms like the FDIC, job creation through programs such as the CCC and WPA, and increased federal support for agriculture and industry, which collectively helped stabilize the economy during the Great Depression.
Failures of New Deal (ranked most significant to least significant)
The failures of the New Deal included its inability to fully end unemployment, the exclusion of certain groups from benefits, the limited impact on racial inequalities, and the failure to achieve lasting economic recovery, which contributed to ongoing debates about the effectiveness of government intervention.
What were the Four Freedoms, and why were they important to our understanding of WWII? How did they contrast with Europe’s dictatorships at the time?
The Four Freedoms were President Franklin D. Roosevelt's vision of universal rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. They were important as they framed the ideological battle against fascism and highlighted the contrast between democratic values and the oppressive nature of European dictatorships during World War II.
What is the military industrial complex (MIC)? How does government spending change as a result of the MIC?
The military-industrial complex (MIC) refers to the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, which influences public policy and government spending. As a result of the MIC, government spending often increases on defense and military contracts, impacting economic priorities and resource allocation.
Explain the numerous changes and continuities in America as a result of WWII.
World War II brought significant changes to American society, including increased industrial production, the mobilization of women into the workforce, and shifts in racial dynamics. Continuities included ongoing economic disparities and the persistence of traditional social roles, despite the progress made during the war.
Explain continuity and change in American foreign policy towards Latin America in the 1930’s.
In the 1930s, American foreign policy towards Latin America exhibited both continuity and change, characterized by a shift from interventionist practices to a more diplomatic approach under the Good Neighbor Policy, while still maintaining economic interests and influence in the region.
How did Isolationism prevent America from taking steps against the Japanese, Germans, Italians, or Spanish?
Isolationism kept the United States focused on domestic issues and reluctant to engage in foreign conflicts, leading to delayed responses to the aggressions of Japan, Germany, and Italy during the 1930s, as well as a lack of support for the Spanish Civil War.
How did FDR differ with most of the American public regarding Hitler?
FDR believed that active intervention was necessary to combat the threat posed by Hitler and Nazi Germany, while much of the American public favored isolationism and non-involvement in foreign wars.
What was Cash and Carry? How was this a significant step towards American intervention? (
Cash and Carry was a policy adopted in 1939 allowing belligerent nations to purchase arms from the United States as long as they paid in cash and transported the goods themselves. This policy marked a significant step towards American intervention by easing restrictions on arms sales and signaling a shift away from strict neutrality.
Explain Lend and Lease. How was this a significant step towards American intervention? (
Lend and Lease was a program initiated in 1941 that allowed the United States to supply Allied nations with war materials and supplies on the basis of lending or leasing rather than selling. This policy significantly shifted American involvement in World War II by providing essential support to allies and marking a departure from previous isolationist policies.
What finally brought America into the war?
The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, prompted the United States to enter World War II, as it galvanized public support for military action against Japan and its allies.
Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor? The book indicates that they wanted to cripple the American fleet in the Pacific. Yes. But why?
Japan sought to expand its influence and territory in Asia, believing that by neutralizing the American naval presence, it could secure its conquests and resources without interference.
Why was WWII a “Gross National Product War?”
World War II was termed a "Gross National Product War" because it significantly transformed the economy by increasing industrial production and mobilizing the workforce, leading to unprecedented levels of output and economic growth in the United States.
Explain the Bataan Death March.
The Bataan Death March was a forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war by the Japanese army in 1942, during which thousands died due to brutal conditions, lack of food, and severe treatment.
Why was Midway a turning point in the war?
The Battle of Midway was a crucial turning point in World War II as it marked the first significant defeat of the Japanese navy, shifting the balance of naval power in favor of the Allies and allowing them to take the offensive in the Pacific.
Why was it important that America broke the Japanese Code and crippled numerous Aircraft Carriers?
Breaking the Japanese code was vital as it allowed the United States to anticipate Japanese military moves, leading to strategic victories such as at Midway. Crippling numerous aircraft carriers significantly weakened Japan's naval capabilities, facilitating Allied advances in the Pacific.
Explain the notion of Island Hopping
This practice—skipping over heavily fortified islands in order to seize lightly defended locations that could support the next advance—became known as island hopping. As Japanese strongholds were isolated, defenders were left to weaken from starvation and disease.
Explain the different goals of Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt
Stalin aimed to expand Soviet influence and secure Eastern Europe, Churchill sought to maintain British power and curb Soviet expansion, while Roosevelt focused on promoting democracy and establishing a post-war order based on cooperation among the Allies.
What was D-Day, and why was it so significant to the war in Europe?
D-Day, which took place on June 6, 1944, refers to the Allied invasion of Normandy, France, marking the beginning of a large-scale offensive against Nazi Germany on the Western Front during World War II; it was considered a pivotal moment in the war because it marked the first time Allied forces had successfully landed troops on mainland Europe, significantly turning the tide against Germany and paving the way for their eventual defeat.
Why was Stalingrad a mistake? What happened to the Germans after Stalingrad?
Stalingrad is considered a major turning point in World War II because it marked a decisive defeat for the German army, primarily due to Hitler's stubborn refusal to retreat, leading to the encirclement and decimation of the 6th Army, which resulted in massive casualties and a significant shift in momentum on the Eastern Front in favor of the Soviet Union
How did military enrollment and diversity shape American culture?
Military enrollment integrated diverse groups, fostering a sense of unity and shared purpose among different ethnicities. This exposure led to greater acceptance of diversity in society, influencing post-war movements for civil rights and changing perceptions on race and gender roles.
How did the Federal Government grow as a response to WWII?
The Federal Government significantly expanded during World War II due to the need for massive military spending, which led to increased economic regulation, higher taxation, and the creation of new government agencies to manage wartime production, manpower, and resource allocation, effectively giving the government a much greater control over the economy than before the war
How did Business develop as a result of WWII?
World War II significantly boosted business development, primarily by rapidly accelerating industrial production through mass manufacturing techniques, fostering new technologies, creating a large pool of skilled labor, and establishing the United States as a global economic powerhouse, leading to a post-war boom in consumer goods and a shift towards a more diversified economy across various sectors like aerospace, electronics, and chemicals; all while significantly increasing government involvement in the economy through wartime contracts and research funding
How did the West Coast grow as a result of the war?
World War II transformed California from an agricultural state to an industrial powerhouse. The state's strategic location on the West Coast made it crucial for defense and military operations. California's economy boomed as factories and shipyards produced military equipment, while its population grew rapidly.
Why did Unions support WWII, and how did the government support unions during WWII?
Unions largely supported WWII because it provided an opportunity for significant growth in membership and power due to the government's pro-union policies, which aimed to ensure maximum war production by facilitating worker rights and resolving labor disputes through mechanisms like the National War Labor Board, essentially guaranteeing stable employment and good wages for workers in critical industries; in exchange, unions pledged to minimize strikes and prioritize war production through "no-strike" agreements
Why did some New Deal organizations end as a result of the war?
Some New Deal organizations ended due to the shift in focus and resources towards wartime production and mobilization, rendering certain economic and social programs less relevant as the government prioritized military needs.
How was propaganda used to mobilize American society?
To encourage enlistment, promote war bonds, and foster unity against enemies, creating a collective national effort.
How did the OWI use propaganda to mobilize the people?
The Office of War Information (OWI) created posters that depicted the importance of rationing, buying war bonds, and supporting troops, often featuring patriotic imagery and slogans.
How was the OWI criticized?
The OWI was criticized for being too propagandistic, leading to concerns about censorship and manipulation of public information; some believed it prioritized government messages over objective reporting.
Would WWII have been a “unifying war” without the New Deal?
Yes, the New Deal laid the groundwork for unity by providing economic stability, job creation, and social support, which helped to prepare the nation for the shared effort during WWII. It fostered a sense of collective purpose and engagement among diverse social groups.
How did the mobilization provide women opportunities in and out of the military?
Women were recruited into the military in significant numbers for roles such as nurses, clerks, and mechanics, enabling them to serve their country while gaining skills and experience traditionally held by men.
Explain how the fifth freedom was a political criticism of the New Deal?
Critics argued that while the New Deal aimed to provide economic support, it often fell short in ensuring broader civil liberties, particularly for marginalized groups, emphasizing the need for protections against both economic insecurity and government overreach.
