Hydrocarbons

Alkanes

Composed of entirely single C-H bonds, saturated

Alkane formula

CnH2n+2

Methane

CH4

Ethane

C2H6

Propane 

C3H8

Butane

C4H10

Nonane

C9H20

Ethyl

2C substituent -CH2CH3

Methyl

1 C substituent, CH3

Cycloalkanes

saturated, cyclical alkanes

Cycloalkane, alkene formula

CnH2n

Alkenes

Unsaturated because they do not have the maximum number of C-H bonds, contain double bonds, at least one pi bond 

Benzene

special alkene, Aromatic functional group, pi electrons are delocalized, less reactive than typical alkenes, all carbons sp2

Alkyne

At least 1 triple bond 

Alkyne formula

CnH2n-2

Degrees of unsaturation

Each ring and pi bond is 1 degree of unsaturation, subtract 2 H atoms

Pauli Exclusion Principle

No two electrons have the same 4 quantum numbers, can’t have the same spin

Aufbau Principle

Electrons fill lower energy orbitals first

Hund’s Rule 

Electrons fill oribitals in the same subshell with one electron of equal spin before pairing 

Cycloalkene

Double bond in a ring

Aromatic formula

CnHn