Psychiatric Nursing: Schizophrenia and Clinical Concepts

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards generated from lecture notes covering psychiatric nursing concepts, schizophrenia types, DSM-V diagnostic standards, symptom classifications, antipsychotic pharmacology, adverse effects, ECT, and grief.

Neurosis

A mild to moderate type of mental illness characterized by intact autonomy, lower suicide risk, and an absence of delusions or hallucinations.

Psychosis

A severe type of mental illness characterized by diminished autonomy, higher suicide risk, and the presence of delusions and hallucinations.

Suicide

The intentional killing of the self, often serving as a cry for help during a crisis, and associated with low levels of serotonin.

Dementia Praecox

The original term for schizophrenia, derived from Greek roots meaning 'split' (schizo) and 'person/mind' (phrenia).

Paranoia

A clinical type of schizophrenia, also known as disturbia, characterized by the perception or belief of an invisible threat and carrying a higher risk for panic and suicide.

Catatonia

A clinical type of schizophrenia characterized by abnormal movements and postures, presenting as either psychomotor agitation or retardation.

Waxy Flexibility

A catatonic symptom where a patient maintains rigid physical positions, behaving like a statue.

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A clinical type of schizophrenia characterized by weird patterns of behavior and an apparent neglect of self-care and personal hygiene.

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

A clinical type of schizophrenia where the patient presents with symptoms from at least two different types of schizophrenia.

Republic Act No. 11036

The Mental Health Act of 2018, enacted on June 21, 2018, to protect the rights of individuals with mental health conditions and establish a national policy.

Positive Symptoms

Hard psychotic symptoms associated with high levels of dopamine, high energy, and active behaviors, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior.

Negative Symptoms

Soft psychotic symptoms associated with low levels of serotonin, low energy, and passive behaviors, most of which begin with the letter 'A'.

Anhedonia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by the absence of pleasure.

Alogia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by the absence or poverty of speech.

Apathy

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by an absence of concern.

Avolition

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by an absence of motivation.

Anergia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by an absence of energy.

Affective Flattening

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by an absence of facial expression.

Delusions

Fixed, false beliefs that cannot be changed through logical persuasion, indicating that a person has lost touch with reality.

Hypochondriasis

A somatic symptom disorder where a simple physical symptom is sensationalized into a serious sickness, usually triggered by increased stress.

Hallucination

An altered sensory perception affecting any of the senses that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus.

Illusion

An altered sensory perception that occurs in the presence of an actual external stimulus.

Echolalia

A pattern of disorganized speech characterized by repeating the words of others.

Palilalia

A pattern of disorganized speech characterized by repeating one's own words, last syllable, last word, or last phrase.

Perseveration

A pattern of disorganized speech characterized by repeating the same response over and over again.

Verbigeration

A pattern of disorganized speech also known as 'word salad,' consisting of random, disconnected words.

Clang Association

A pattern of disorganized speech consisting of random, rhyming words that are disconnected in thought.

Neologism

A pattern of disorganized speech involving the creation of new vocabulary words that only the patient understands.

Tangentiality

A pattern of disorganized speech where the speaker is verbose and wanders off topic, never arriving at the main point.

Circumstantiality

A pattern of disorganized speech where the speaker is verbose and includes unnecessary details, but eventually arrives at the main point.

Echopraxia

A disorganized behavior characterized by mimicking the physical movements of another person.

First Generation Antipsychotics (FGA)

Typical antipsychotics (ending in -zine and -peridol) that act purely as dopamine antagonists and carry a higher risk of side effects.

Second Generation Antipsychotics (SGA)

Atypical antipsychotics (ending in -pine and -peridone) that act as balanced dopamine and serotonin antagonists with fewer side effects.

Third Generation Antipsychotics (TGA)

Atypical-novel antipsychotics (ending in -prazole) acting as balanced dopamine and serotonin antagonists that have reduced side effects and do not cause tardive dyskinesia.

Acute Dystonia

An extrapyramidal symptom characterized primarily by muscle rigidity, including conditions like oculogyric crisis, torticollis, and opisthotonus.

Oculogyric Crisis

A form of acute dystonia marked by the upward rolling of the eyeballs.

Torticollis

A form of acute dystonia characterized by a stiff, wry neck.

Opisthotonus

A form of acute dystonia characterized by severe backward arching of the spine and back.

Pseudoparkinsonism

A drug-induced extrapyramidal symptom characterized by slow movement (bradykinesia), shuffling gait, and cogwheel rigidity.

Akathisia

An extrapyramidal symptom characterized by motor restlessness, inability to sit or stand still, and rocking motions; treated with Propranolol.

Tardive Dyskinesia

An extrapyramidal symptom characterized by involuntary facial movements such as lip smacking, tongue protrusion, and facial grimacing.

Cogentin (Benztropine mesylate)

The primary drug of choice and first antidote used to manage extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS).

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A life-threatening adverse reaction to antipsychotics marked by skeletal muscle rigidity, a fever of unknown origin ($40\,^\circ\text{C}$), and fatal dysautonomia leading to cardiac arrest.

Agranulocytosis

An adverse reaction common with Clozapine (SGA) involving the proliferation of immature WBCs and severe depletion of mature neutrophils, heralded by an ulcerative sore throat.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

An invasive somatic therapy that delivers a electrical charge of $20\text{ to }800\,\text{millicoulombs}$ via electrodes to correct chemical imbalances in the brain.