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Lymphatic System
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection, fluid collection, and lipid transport
How does the lymphatic system aid the digestive system?
Absorbs lipids made water soluble bile salts and transports them to bloodstream
How does the lymphatic system help control the fluids within the body?
Catches fluid that failed to enter the venous capillaries
Which major duct of the lymphatic system serves most of the body?
Thoracic Duct
What are the three regions of diffuse lymphoid cells?
M(ucosal)ALT, G(ut)ALT, & B(ronchial)ALT
What purpose do primary lymphoid organs serve?
Where lymphocytes receive immunocopetence
Bone Marrow and the thymus are the ———-
Primary lymphoid organs
What purpose do the secondary lymphoid organs serve?
Receiving immunocompetent lymphocytes
Thymus
Gland near the base of the neck in which T cells receive immunocompetence
Why is it important that the blood barrier around the thymus is not penetrated?
If penetrated, foreign cells will be educated as own cells by T cells
The atrophy of the Thymus is known as
Involution
The collects escaped fluids in the body. What will happen if one of its trunks is blocked or cut?
Lymphedema
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ serves as a site of lymphatic reproduction and surveillance, blood filtering and breakdown, and storage of blood parts and platelets
Tonsils
Lymphatic organs that forms a ring around the throat which helps protect against foreign agents entering
Appendix
Lymphatic organ hanging off the cecum
Granulocyte
White blood cell with vesicles that stain easily: eosinophil, neutrophil, and basophil; All are phagocytic
Neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that is the first responder for bacterial infections. Fight infections through phagocytosis
Eosinophil
WBC that fights multicellular parasites through the release of enzymes and proteins; lessen affects of allergic reactions
Basophil
Least common type of WBC that releases histamine and heparin; associated with allergic reactions
Agranulocyte
White blood cells with vesicles that don't stain or appear easily
Monocyte
Agranulocytic WBC that performs phagocytosis to fight infection; differentiates into macrophages
Macrophage
Large phagocyte that helps activate T cells. Different macrophages serve key functions within the body aside from immune action. ex - macrophages in spleen breakdown old RBCs
Natural Killer (NK) Cell
Lymphocyte that can kill other cells, such as those infected by viruses or cancerous, without the need for costimulation; also serves similar functions as dendritic cells and macrophages
Lymphocytes
A group of white blood cells of similar origins; includes B cells, T cells, and NK cells
B - Cell
Lymphocyte involved in humoral immunity; produces antibodies to respond to infections
Plasma Cell
A 'matured' B cell that produces a single type of antibody
T - Cell
A lymphocyte involved in cell mediated immunity; identifies pathogens and distinguishes one pathogen from another
CD4 Helper 1 Cell
Variety of T Helper cells that is involved in cell mediated immunity; activate Cytotoxic T cells, increase macrophage activity, and coordinate its respective immunity
CD4 Helper 2 Cell
Variety of T Helper cell that is involved in humoral immunity; activate B cells, recruit inflammatory cells and leukocytes, and assist in parasitic infections
CD8 Cytotoxic Cell
T cell that induces apoptosis or perforates the cell membrane of an infected cell once activated
T10 Regulatory Cell
T cell that modulates and reduces immune responses
T Memory Cell
A differentiated T lymphocyte that is responsible for providing long-lasting immunological memory
Phagocytosis
Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell
Acid Hydrolases
Hydrolytic enzymes that use a molecule of water to break a covalent bond; requires an acidic environment to activate
Ganuloma
A dogpile of phagocytes that serve to contain the foreign organism that it cannot eliminate through normal phagocytosis
Opsinization
Coating antigens with antibodies or complement proteins that signal for phagocytosis
What are the three mechanisms of defense within the immune system.
Barrier, chemical, and biological
Complement System
A group of blood proteins that help respond to foreign substances. Functions include opsonization, inflammation, and lysis
What can activate the compliment system?
Binding with IgG or IgM; B, D, & P regulatory proteins
When does the active portion of the complement system begin?
When C3 is split. This is also when the classical and alternative pathway converge
What would medical professionals check to see if there is inflammation internally?
CRP
Antigen Presenting Cells
Cell that are able to present a portion of an antigen for a T cell to identify and determine. Includes B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, etc.
Which lymphocytes originate from the bone marrow?
All of them
How does the thymus positively select T-cells for maturation?
Looking for T-cells that correctly and loosely bind the the MHC-I markers
How does the thymus negatively select T-cells for maturation?
Prompts apoptosis of T-cells that bind too strongly to self MHC. Ensures self immunity
How do B-cells identify cells of the body?
They don't; they only recognize antigens
Active Humoral Immunity
When B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them.
Passive Humoral Immunity
Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
IgM
first antibody produced in response to an antigen; has monomer and pentamer forms
IgM Pentamer Form
Form of IgM used as an antibody; largest antibody
IgM Monomer Form
Form of IgM used as an antigen receptor on B cells
IgA
Dimeric immunoglobulin present in secretions such as sweat and breast milk
IgD
Monomeric immunoglobulin primarily present as a receptor on B cells membranes
IgG
Monomeric immunoglobulin that makes up the majority of antibodies found within serum; late primary and secondary responder, can cross placenta
IgE
Monomeric immunoglobulin that is able to active inflammatory cells and coordinate with eosinophils; associated with allergic reactions
Agglutination
Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.
Precipitation
Clumping of cells to antigens cause the resulting mass to lose it partial buoyancy and fall to the floor of the blood vessel; allows for easy access for macrophages to clean up antigens
Why do T cells need co-stimulation?
T cells are a powerful weapon within the body, and could easily cause mass destruction of the body's normal cells if unchecked
What two immunoglobulins acts as receptors on the B cell?
IgD and monomer IgM
