Psychological Assessment (Philippines RPM Boards review)

Psychological Assessment

it is the gathering and integration of psychological-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specifically designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.

Psychological Testing

the process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior

Collaborative Psychological Assessment

An assessment approach where the assessor and assesse may work as partners from initial contact through final feedback.

Dynamic Assessment

an assessment approach that is interactive to psychological assessment that usually follows a model of evaluation, to intervention of some sort, to evaluation. It provides a means for evaluating how the assesse processes or benefits from some type of intervention.

Test

a measuring devise or procedure

Psychological Test

a device or procedure designed to measure variables related to Psychology, almost always involves analysis of a sample behavior, and can range from responses to a pencil-and-paper questionnaire, to oral responses to questions related to the performance of some task.

Content

the subject matter of the test

Format

The form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of test items as well as to related considerations. Refers to the form in which a test is administered.

Administration Procedures

demonstration of various kinds of tasks demanded of the assessee , as well as trained observation of an assessee’s performance.

Scoring

the process of assigning such evaluative codes or statements to performance on tests, tasks, interviews, or some other behavior samples.

Psychometric Soundness

refers to how consistently, how accurately a psychological test measures what it purports to measure, and the usefulness or practical value that a test or other tool of assessment has for a particular purpose.

Interview

the method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange

Portfolio

samples of one’s ability and accomplishment

Case History Data

refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official, and informal accounts, and other data and items relevant to an assessee.

Case Study

a report or illustrative account concerning a person or an event that was compiled on the basis of case history data.

Behavioral Observation

monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding th ose actions.

Naturalistic Observation

observing behavior of humans in an natural setting in which the behavior would typically be expected to occur.

Role-Play Tests

a tool of assessment wherein assesses are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation.

Computers as tools

computers can serve as test administrators and as highly efficient test scorers

Simple scoring report

a type of scoring report that’s a mere listing of scores

Extended scoring report

a type of scoring report that includes statistical analyses of the testtaker’s performance

Interpretative report

a type of scoring report that includes numerical or narrative interpretive statements in the report. Simply calls attention to certain high, low, or unusual scores that need to be focused on.

Consultative report

a type of scoring report that is usually written in language appropriate for communication between assessment professionals and may provide expert opinion concerning analysis of the data.

Integrative report

a type of scoring report that integrates data from sources other than the test itself into the interpretative report.

Test Develope

this role creates tests or other methods of assessment

Test User

they are the professionals that use psychological test and assessment methodologies.

Testtaker

anyone who is the subject of an assessment or an evaluation

Psychological Autopsy

reconstruction of a deceased individual’s psychological profile on the basis of archival records, artifacts, and interviews previously conducted with the deceased or people who knew them.

Educational Setting

the type of setting where tests are mandated early in school life to help identify children who may have special needs

Achievement Test

this is a test that evaluates accomplishment or the degree of learning that has taken place

Diagnostic Test

a tool of assessment used to help narrow down and identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention

Clinical Settings

a type of setting where tests and many other tools of assessment are used to help screen for or diagnose behavior problems.

Group testing

this type of testing is primarily used for screening- identifying those individuals who require further diagnostic evaluation

Counseling Setting

a type of setting where the ultimate objective of many such assessments is the improvement of the assesse in terms of adjustment, productivity, or some related variable. Measures of social and academic skills and measures of personality, interested, attitudes, and values.

Business and Military Setting

a type of setting where a wide range of achievement, aptitude, interest, motivational, and other tests may be employed in the decision to hire as well as in related decisions regarding promotions, transfer, job satisfaction, and eligibility for further training.

Governmental and Organizational Setting

a setting where one of the many applications of measurement is in the governmental licensing certification or general credentialing of professionals.

Alfred Binet

a French psychologist who co-created the first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon Scale, in 1905. Designed to identify children needing educational support, it measured cognitive abilities and laid the foundation for modern IQ testing. Introduced intelligence testing in France, the US public health service population

Henry H. Goddard

an American psychologist known for popularizing intelligence testing in the U.S. and translating the Binet-Simon Scale into English. He advocated for the use of IQ tests to classify individuals, but his work was later criticized for promoting eugenics and discriminatory practices.

Culture Specific Test

tests that are designed for use with people from one culture but nor from another

Individualist Culture

a culture characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitivenessC

Collectivist Culture

a type of culture where value is placed on traits such as conformity, cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals

Ethics

a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct

Code of professional ethics

recognized and accepted by members of a professions, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession

Standard of care

the level at at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions

Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids

the report that defined three levels of tests in terms of the degree to which the test’s use required knowledge of testing and psychology

Level A

a test level where tests or aids can be adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working.

Level B

a test level where tests are aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance.

Level C

a test level where tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices.

Privacy Right

this recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for themself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which they wish to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior, and opinions.

Privileged Information

information that is withheld in such a manner. Information that is protected by law from disclosure in a legal proceeding

Confidentiality

information between a patient and a therapist that cannot be shared with anyone

Measurement

the act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things according to rules

Scale

a set of numbers or symbols whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned

Nominal Scales

these scaled involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics, where all things measured must be placed into mutually exclusive categories.

Ordinal Scales

scales that permits classification, has a rank ordering on some characteristics, and has no absolute zero point.

Interval Scales

these are scales that contain equal intervals between numbers and contain no absolute zero point

Ratio Scales

this is a scale that has a true zero point

Distribution

a set of test scores arrayed for recording or study

Raw score

a straightforward, unmodified accounting of performance that is usually numerical

Frequency Distribution/Simple Frequency Distribution

all scores are listed alongside the number of times each score occurred and individual scores have been used and the data has not been grouped

Grouped Frequency Distribution

class intervals replace the actual test scores

Histogram

a graph with vertical lines drawn at the true limits of each test score or class interval, forming a series of contiguous rectangles

Bar Graph

a visual representation of data using rectangular bars, where the length or height of each bar corresponds to the value of a category or variable. It is commonly used to compare quantities across different groups or time periods.

Frequency Polygon

This is expressed by a continuous line connecting the points where test scores or class intervals meet frequencies

Psychiatric, General Medical, Legal, Educational, Industrial, and Psychological Clinic context

Six areas of referrals in Psychological Assessment

Psychiatric Context

Referral context where the person is referred by a psychiatrist to consult with a psychologist before proceeding to the next treatment. The tests utilized should be normed from clinical samples.

Type 1 Error

An error that occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected. Also known as “False Positive” finding

Null Hypothesis

A statement of no effect, no difference, or no relationship between variables. It provides a neutral starting point for testing and allows researchers to design experiments and collect data to test its validity.

True Null Hypothesis

Accurately reflects the true state of the population or phenomenon being studied. There is no real effect, difference, or relationship between variables and the observed data is due to chance or random variation. Meaning, the default assumption is accurate.

Type 2 Error

Occurs when a false null hypothesis is incorrectly accepted. Also known as “False Negative” finding.

False Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis doesn’t accurately reflect the true state of the population or phenomenon being studied. There is a real effect, difference, or relationship between variables.

General Medical Context

Referral context is when the patient being referred is a medical patient. The one who referred the patient is a medical doctor. The purpose of the referral is to see the test results before proceeding with a medical surgery. Tools used should be non-clinical sampled to avoid committing Type 1 error. errors

Legal Context

Referral context when a patient is referred to address legal questions, inform legal decisions, and facilitate the administration of justice. Used to determine criminal responsibility, risk of violence, child custody, and personal injury claims.

Educational Context

Referral context where assessments are conducted to make educational decisions like placements, admissions, and scholarship offerings. Aptitude tests, intelligence tests, and career coaching. Is the largest consumer for psych assessment test materials.

Industrial Context

Referral context where assessment tools are used for settings like hiring selection, promotion, and career progression.

Psychological Clinic Context

Referral context where the patient are self-referred clients. They referred themselves to seek relief from the psychological turmoil they’re experiencing.

Traditional and Tele-Assessment

two types of assessment techniques

Traditional Assessment

Assessment technique that uses conventional methods and tools to evaluate a client, typically in a clinical or standardized setting.

Tele-Assessment

Assessment technique that delivers psychological services through telecommunication platforms and online versions of the test introduced in 2013.

Technician Assisted

Tele-assessment where psychologists are remote but continue the assessment with the aid of a technical that will administer the the test in their place. The technician must belong in the psychology profession (usually a Psychometrician)

Modified F2F

Tele-assessment where some assessments will be done F2F but also using telecommunication platforms. It’s crucial for the tools to adhere to privacy standards.

Hybrid/Staged

Tele-assessment made because of covid-19 where special accommodations and adjustments were made for the clinic so that the client and psychologist will conduct the assessment in the same venue but different rooms.

Direct-to-home

Tele-assessment where the client and psychologist are in remote areas (usually their home). Test selection restrictions are high since it’s hard to administer tests if the online version hasn’t been purchased. There must be an inspection conducted onto the client to test if they have the right technology and if their room is sound.