Renal Pulmonary Physiopathology Week 1

Conducting Zone

Nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles

How many bifurcations does it take to reach the terminal bronchioles?

23

What are the components of the Respiratory Zone?

Respiratory bronchioles, alveoli, alveolar sacs, alveolar sacs

Where is the trachealis muscle located

the posterior aspect of the trachea

What vertebral level is the thyroid cartilage located at?

C4

What vertebral level is the carina located at?

T4

What lines the respiratory passage from the nose to the bronchi?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which bronchi is shorter, wider, and more vertical?

Right bronchi

Which bronchi is more prone to aspiration?

Right bronchi

Type 1 cells

Made of simple squamous epithelium

Functions in gas exchange

Which bronchi are termed "lobar"?

Secondary

How many segmental bronchi are there?

about 10 on each side

Type 2 cells

Made of simple cuboidal epithelium

Functions in surfactant to reduce friction

Alveolar Pores

Connections between adjacent alveoli

Allow for equal pressure throughout the alveoli

Also allows for different pathways around blockages in some alveoli

Dust cells

Phagocytic cells that clean up debris and foreign bodies in the alveoli

What is intrapulmonary pressure at sea level?

760 mmHg

What is intrapleural pressure?

756 mmHg

Pneuomothorax

Accumulation of air in the pleural space, also known as collapsed lungs

Hemothorax

blood in between the pleura

Pyothorax

purulent exudate in the lungs (infection)

Chylothorax

lymph fluid in between the pleura

Boyle's law

P1V1 = P2V2

IF T (temperature) is constant

Dalton's law of Partial pressure

Whatever you have within a gas mix should add up to 100%

What is the composition of air?

Nitrogen = 78.6%

Oxygen = 20.9%

CO2 = 0.04%

H2O = 0.46%

What is the composition of surfactant?

Phospholipid = 80%

Neutral lipid = 10%

Protein = 10%

Where is surfactant produced?

Type II alveolar cells

What does IRDS stand for?

Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome

When is IRDS most common?

premature birth

What causes IRDS?

type 2 alveolar cells are not mature enough to produce surfactant