Health And Illness Untested Content

What is collaborative care?

a cooperative form of health care in which physicians, psychologists, and other health care providers join forces to improve patient care

What is illness representations?

How a person views a particular illness, including its label and symptoms, perceived causes, timeline, consequences, and controllability

What is the lay referral system?

An informal network of family member, friends and other nonprofessionals who offer their own impressions, experiences, and recommendations regarding a set of bodily symptoms

What is the delay behaviour? (5)

The tendency to avoid seeking medical care because

• Symptoms go unnoticed (appraisal delay)

• Sickness seems unlikely (illness delay)

• Professional help is deemed unnecessary (behavioural delay)

• The individual procrastinates in making an appointment (scheduling delay)

• The perceived costs of treatment outweigh the perceived benefits (treatment delay).

What is illness anxiety disorder?

the condition of experiencing abnormal anxiety over one's health, often including imaginary symptoms

What is malingering?

Making believe that on is ill in order to benefit from sick role behaviour

What is adherence?

A patient both agreeing to and then closely following a treatment regimen as advised by their healthcare provider

What is nonadherence?

The condition in which a patient refuses to complete a prescribed therapeutic regimen

What is health literacy?

A person's capacity to learn about and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

What is telemedicine?

The delivery of medical information and clinical services through interactive audiovisual media

What is informational control?

patients' knowledge regarding the particular procedures and physical sensations that accompany a medical treatment

What is cognitive control?

interventions that direct the patients attention to the positive aspects of a procedure (such as improved health) rather than to feelings of discomfort

What is behavioural control?

interventions that teach techniques for controlling pain and speeding recovery during and after a medical procedure

What is Lamaze training?

A natural childbirth process designed to prepare prospective parents by enhancing their informational, cognitive, and behavioural control over child birth

What is fee-for- service?

A payment model in which healthcare services are paid for by patients out of pocket at the time of treatment

What is health maintenance organization?

• an organization that provides managed care

• Individuals pay a fixed monthly rate and use services as needed

What is managed care?

Health insurance companies make deals with doctors and hospitals to offer care at cheaper prices for the people who have their insurance.

What is preferred-provider organization?

health care providers who promise to charge pre-set (cheaper) prices for people in a certain insurance plan.

What is patient-centred health care?

The delivery of healthcare services that are respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values

What is accountable care organization?

An organization of health care providers who agree to be

- accountable for the quality, cost, and overall care of members

What is clinical pain?

Pain that requires some form of medical treatment

What is acute pain?

Sharp, stinging pain that is short- lived and usually related to tissue damage

What is recurrent pain?

pain that involves episodes of discomfort that recur for more than three months interspersed with periods in which the individual is relatively pain-free

What is Chronic Pain?

dull, burning pain that is long-lasting

What is hyperalgesia?

a condition in which a chronic pain sufferer becomes more sensitive to pain over time

What is free nerve endings?

Sensory receptors found throughout the body that respond to temperature, pressure and painful stimuli

What is nociceptor?

a specialized neuron that responds to painful stimuli

What is A-delta fibres?

Large, afferent fiberes involved in the experience of acute pain

What is C- fibres?

Small, afferent fibres that are involved in the experience of chronic pain

What are A- beta fibers?

Large, afferent fibers that may inhibit the transmission of pain messages to the brain

What is the substantia gelatinosa?

the dorsal region of the spinal cord where both fast and slow pain fibers synapse with sensory nerves on their way to the brain

What is referred pain?

Pain manifested in an area of the body that is sensitive to pain but caused by disease or injury in an area of the body that has few pain receptors

What is substance P?

• A neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord

• Stimulates the transmission cells to send pain signals to the brain

What is enkephalins?

Endogenous (naturally occurring) opioids found in nerve endings of cells in the brain and spinal cord that binds to opioid receptors

What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?

An important role in the perception of pain

• Electrical stimulation produces analgesia by "closing the pain gate."

What is the anterior cingulate cortex?

plays a role in pain processing and many self-regulating functions

What is the endogenous opiate peptides?

Opiatelike substances naturally produced by the body

What is stress- induced analgesia?

a stress-related increase in tolerance to pain, presumably mediated by the body's endorphin system

What is the gate control theory (GCT)?

the idea that there is a neural "gate" in the spinal cord that regulates the experience of pain

What is the neuromatrix?

• The neural network that integrates

• Sensory information with emotional and cognitive states

• Determine a person's experience of pain

What is neuropathic pain?

pain caused by damage to a nerve that send incorrect signals to the brain

What is phantom limb pain?

pain following amputation of a limb; false pain sensations that appear to originate in the missing limb

What is pain behaviours?

Actions that are a response to pain, such as taking drugs, grimacing, or taking time off from school or work

What is prostaglandin?

The chemical substance responsible for localized pain and inflammation

• Causes free nerve endings to become more and more sensitized as time passes

What is counterirritation?

analgesia in which relieved by creating another counteracting sensation ( Rubbing near the site of injury)

What is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation?

A counterirritation form of analgesia involving electrically stimulating spinal nerves near a painful area

What is biofeedback?

a system that provides audible or visible feedback information regarding involuntary physioloigcal states

What is cognitive- behavioural therapy (CBT)?

A multidisciplinary pain-management program

• combines cognitive, physical and emotional interventions

What is cognitive reappraisal?

• key component of CBT

• Focuses to reinterpret pain-related sensations, restructure maladaptive thought patterns, and make positive self-statements

What is pain-management program?

• An individualized, multimodal intervention

• aimed at modifying chronic pain though

• Neurological, cognitive, and behavioural strategies

What is conventional Medicine?

Biomedically based medicine as practiced by holders of the MD or DO degrees and their allied health professionals

What is Osteopathic Medicine?

Medical practice with all the benefits of conventional allopathic medicine (script drugs and surgery)

• Emphasizes the interrelationship between the structure and function of the human body

What is alternative Medicine?

• Health care practices

  • not taught in medical schools

  • Not generally used in hospitals

  • not usually reimbursed by insurance companies

What is Complementary Medicine?

The use of "alternative medicines" along with regular medicine, not as a replacement for regular medicine

What is whole person Medicine?

Biopsychosocial approach to medicine

• improvement and restoration of health in multiple, interconnected domains

• - biological, behavioural, social and environmental

What is integrative medicine?

• Multidisciplinary approach

• Traditional biomedical interventions, and complementary and alternative medical practices that have been proven both safe and effective

What is Vitalism?

The concept of a general life force,

popular in some varieties of comlementray and alternative medicine

What is traditional Chinese Medicine?

An ancient, integrated herb and acupuncture-based

• Principle that internal harmony is esseniail for good health

What is self-limiting conditions?

A condition that tends to improve with the passage of time, even in the absence of treatment

What is nocebo?

A harmless substance that nevertheless creates harmful effects in a person who takes it

What is meaning response theory?

The theory that health care interventions are filled with symbolism that expresses their meaning and determines their efficacy

What is Acupuncture?

• Traditional Chinese medicine

• Fine needles are inserted into the skin

• to relieve pain, treat addiction and illness, and promote health

What is hypnosis?

• Social interaction

• One person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject)

• That certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviours will spontaneously occur

What is mindfulness meditation?

The practice of paying nonjudgmental, in the moment attention to changing perceptions and thoughts

What is tai chi?

Moving meditation

• Blends exercise, dance, and concentration

• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

What is yoga?

A moment-based- relaxation and meditation

• Combines diet, physical postures, and breathing

• Promote of physical and spiritual well-being

What is chiropractic?

• Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

• Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders of the neuromusculoskeletal system

What is acupressure?

The application of pressure rather than needles to the point used in acupuncture; shiatsu is a major form

What is naturopathic medicine?

Holistic health care

by drawing from including homeopathy, herbal remedies, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

What is probiotics?

Bacteria that help maintain the natural balance of organisms (microflora) in the intestines and help promote a healthy digestive system