ANSC pathology exam 2

Pathogens

Microbes which cause disease

Microbiota (natural flora)

Microbes which are harmless or even helpful

Examples of where microbiota can be found

Gut, skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity

Various microbial organisms which cause disease:

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoa, prions

Steps in microbial diseases

Enter the body, attach to target cells, colonize or cross barriers to deeper tissues, spread more locally to reach more cells, enter blood or lymph, travel to lymph nodes, spread systemically through lymph or bloodstream, invade organs, damage cells, and cause disease

Inflammation is a

Protective response to injury of living tissue

The purpose of inflammation is to

Dilute, isolate, eliminate the cause, repair damage

5 signs of acute inflammation are

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Phases of acute inflammation are

Fluidic, cellular, and reparative

Reparative phase of acute inflammation

Healing begins with tissue repair

Cellular phase of acute inflammation

Neutrophils migrate from blood to injury site

Fluidic phase of acute inflammation

Movement of fluid and proteins into tissues

Chronic inflammation dominated by

Macrophages and lymphocytes

Mild inflammation usually leads to

Full recovery

Severe or persistent inflammation often leads to

Wound repair which may involve revascularizarion, new ECM, fibrosis

Benificial effects of inflammation

Dilutes toxins, kills microbes, breaks down harmful substances, delivers healing factors, restricts movement to joints, raises temperature to improve blood flow and slow microbe growth

Harmful effects of inflammation

Can damage tissue, can be more harmful than original cause of injury, uncomtrolled can worsen disease outcomes

Acute inflammation is a well-organized cascade of

both fluidic and cellular changes within living Vascularized tissue in response to a injury

Objectives of acute inflammation are to

Kill and eliminate cause (bacteria, FB, thermal), phagocytose and remove debris, repair damage

Fluidic phase results in

Increased vascular permeability and leakage of plasma proteins and edema into affected tissue

Cellular phase has the movement of neutrophils through walls of capillaries into affected tissues which

Kill/digest the stimulus of injury and limit the extent and severity of injury

Reparative phase includes the movement of macrophages into areas of

Entrapped stimulus and injured tissue to further processs and remove cellular debris

Macrophages release molecules that initiate

Tissue repair

Hyperemia is

Increased blood flow to injured tissue secondary to vasodilation

Hyperemia results in

Hear, redness, pain

A translate is a fluid with minimal protein

(Specific gravity < 1.012) and cellular elements ( <1500 leukocytes/mL)

Transudate most commonly occurs with

Hypertension, hypoproteinemia, and EARLY acute inflammation response

An exudate is an opaque vicious fluid with

Specific gravity > 1.020; that contains more than 3 g of protein per deciliter and >1500 leukocytes/mL

Fribrinogin is an important plasma protein that

Polymerase in extravascular tissues to form fibrin

Fibrin helps

Confine stimulus to isolated area

Fibrinogen provides leukocyte with

Well-defined target to attack

Chemotaxis is the movement of

A cell in response to a chemical stimulus

Chemotaxis is when white blood cells move toward

Higher concentrations of chemo attractant molecules

Neutrophils are the first

Leukocytes in inflammatory exudate

Neutrophils primary functions are to

Phagocytize, kill or limit microbes to allow adaptive immunity, infiltrate necrotic areas

Eosinophils

Recruited during allergic and parasitic responses

Eosinophils are common in

Transition from acute to chronic inflammation

Eosinophils granules are especially large in

Horses and pigs

Eosinophilia are seen in

Parasitic and allergic diseases

Mast cells are long-lived reside in tissues and found near

Blood vessels in skin and mucosa that lifespan 4-12 weeks; types include mucosal and connective tissue mast cells

Lymphocytes are crucial for adaptive immunity and include

B and T cells and some subsets act early in immune defense

B cells produce

Antibodies

T cells mediate

Cell-based responses

Macrophages are derived from

Monocytes located in the bone marrow

Macrophages are key in

Chronic inflammation

Angiogenesis

The process by which new blood vessels form from existing blood vessels

There are four phases of wound healing

Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling

Hemostasis is when

Blood vessels constriction and clot forms

Inflammation is the

Immune cells clean up damaged tissue

Proliferation

New cells and blood vessels form

Remodeling is when

Scar tissue stregthens and matures

Granulomatous inflammation is dominated by

Macrophages, epithelioid cells (activated macrophages) and multinucleated giant cells (MGCs)

In granulomatous inflammation cells may be

Spread out (diffuse form) or groups in nodules (granuloma)

Septic accesses are caused

By bacteria

Sterile abscesses are caused by

foreign objects or leftover medicine that wasn’t absorbed

Birds and reptiles done have myeloperoxidase enzyme so

Don’t form pus like mammals do

Abscess is a

Pocket of pus that forms when the body can’t quickly get rid of an infection or irritant

Pus is made up from

Dead tissues, neutrophils and bacteria

Enzyme myeloperoxidase from neutrophils helps to

Break down tissues into pus

Fibrosis occurs after tissue injury in which there is

Necrosis

Clinical managements first goal of chronic inflammation is to

Remove the cause

Beneficial effects of chronic inflammation are

Isolation of persistency agents, can lead to return or normal function, small lesions may become clinically silent

Harmful effects of chronic inflammation are

Replaces normal tissue that can lead to organ dysfunction and causes scarring and loss of parenchyma

Granuloma is a

Localized collection of immune cells (primary macrophages) that forms when the body tries to encapsulate or contain a persistent source of inflammation

Persistent sources of information include

Infections, foreign substances, and persistent irritants

During chronic inflammation the body attempts to isolate it ironing

Fibroblasts and collagen