blood and fluids - principles

total amount of body water

40L

intracellular fluid amount

25L

extracellular fluid amount

15L

plasma amount

3L

interstitial fluid amount

12L

% of water in adult male fluids

60%

% of water in adult female fluids

50%

% of water in infants fluids

75%

% of water in older age people fluids

45%

solutes that water contain

electrolytes and non-electrolytes

electrolytes are

compounds that ionise when dissolved

non-electrolytes do not

disassociate in water

major cation in ECF

Na+

major anion in ECF

Cl-

major cation in ICF

K+

major anion in ICF

HPO4 2-

blood is composed of

plasma, formed elements

formed elements of blood composition

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

hematocrit meaning

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

hematocrit % in males

47% +- 5%

hematocrit % in females

42% +- 5%

ph of blood

7.35-7.45

volume of blood in males

5-6L

volume of blood in females

4-5L

blood transports .. to body cells

O2 and nutrients

where does blood transport metabolic waste to and why

lungs and kidneys for elimination

blood transports hormones from .. to..

from endocrine organs to target organs

what does blood regulate

body temp, pH, fluid volume in the circulatory system

blood protects against

blood loss, infection

what initiates clot formation

plasma proteins and platelets

how much % of blood plasma is water

90%

nutrients in blood plasma (3)

glucose, carbohydrates, amino acids

respiratory gases

O2, CO2

nitrogenous by-products of metabolism - blood plasma

lactic acid, urea, creatinine

what are the only complete cells?

WBCs

what blood cells have no nuclei or organelles?

RBCs

platelets are

cell fragments of megakaryocytes

most formed elements survive in the blood stream for only

a few days

where do most blood cells originate from

in bone marrow and do not divide

where do formed elements derive from

single hematopoietic stem cell

significance of biconcave shape of erythrocytes

huge surface area relative to volume

RBCs are dedicated to

respiratory gas transport

each RBC holds

250 million haemoglobin molecules

haemoglobin binds reversibly with

oxygen

hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

where does hematopoiesis occur

bone marrow

erythropoiesis

formation of red blood cells

where does erythropoiesis occur

red bone marrow of the axial skeleton

erythropoiesis is regulated by

EPO

what is EPO triggered by

hypoxia, low RBCs

life span of RBCs

100-120 days

why can’t RBCs synthesise new proteins, grow or divide?

they have no nucleus

heme is degraded to?

bilirubin

leukocytes

white blood cells

how much % do leukocytes make up

less than 1% of total blood volume

types of granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

function of neutrophil

phagocytise bacteria

function of eosinophils

kill parasitic infections

function of basophils

release histamine

types of agranulocytes

lymphocytes, monocytes

types of lymphocytes

T cells, B cells

T cells act against

virus-infected cells and some types of tumour cells

B cells give

rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

monocytes turn into

macrophages

platelets are

cell fragments of megakaryocytes

platelets form

a temporary platelet plus that helps seal breaks in blood vessels

platelets are also called

thrombocytes

platelets are regulated by and where

thrombopoietin produced in the kidney and liver

blood disorder - anaemia

low O2 carrying capacity

anaemia symptoms

fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, chills

leukemia

cancerous condition involving a high count of WBCs

clotting disorders

thrombus, embolus

RBC membranes are promoters of … and are called …

agglutination, agglutinogens

blood group is based on

the presence/absence of two agglutinogens on the surface of the RBCs

how many types of Rh blood groups

45

positive ABO blood typing reactions indicate

agglutination

transfusion reaction occurs if

mismatched blood is infused

steps of transfusion reactions - donor’s cells

attacked by recipient’s plasma agglutinins

agglutinate and clog small vessels

rupture and release free haemoglobin into the bloodstream

transfusion reactions result in

diminished oxygen-carrying capacity

haemoglobin in kidney tubules and renal failure

rh blood groups

inherited protein found on the surface of RBCs which determines whether someone’s blood is positive or negative

steps of neutrophils killing bacteria

• Engulf the bacterium (phagocytosis)

• Trap it inside a phagosome

• Attack it with defensins, which punch holes in the bacterial membrane

• Activate the respiratory burst by taking up oxygen

• Produce bleach-like chemicals that destroy the bacterium

Buffy coat in centrifuged blood

leukocytes, platelets

3 layers of centrifuged blood

plasma, Buffy coat, erythrocytes

universal acceptor blood type

AB+ as there are no antibodies

universal donor

O- as there are no glycoproteins, and have A,B,D antibodies