GEOGRAPHY population and the environment單詞卡 | Quizlet

population A01

1. europe and asia have over 85% of the world's population
2. china has 1/5 of the world's population
3. less than 10% live in the world's southern hemi-spehere
4. the last 100 years saw an increase of 400%
5. greatest increase are in asia, africa, latin america

natural factors affecting population

1. climate - affect the health & wellbeing of the population (agriculture/disease)

2. soil - water quality/nutrition content affects the agriculture productivity)

3. natural resources - clean water = needed for health - building materials to build houses

human factors affecting population

the industrial revolution - mid 1700s, shift from labour-intensive industries to technological manufacturing processes (machinery/fossil fuels/factories)

population density

the total number of people within a unit of area

population density calculation

the number of people / total land area

what determines where people live?

1. climate - rainfall, temperature and the sun affects food productivity

2. soils - fertility affects agriculture

3. water supply - needed for hydration, irrigation and domestic use (the nile)

4. geology - underground fossil fuels (germany)

birth rate

the number of births per 1000 per year in a country

death rate

the number of deaths per 1000 per year in a country

fertility rate

the number of live births per 1000 women of normal reproductive age (15-49) per year in a country

life expectancy

the number of years that a person can be expected to live

longevity

the increase of life expectancy over a period of time

natural change

the birth rate - the death rate, it will be natural increase if the birth rate is higher than the death rate

infant mortality rate

the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year

migration rate

the balance of immigration and emigration

migration calculation

immigration - emigration per 1000 per year

spearman's rank

establishes whether two ranked sets of data are related

the demographic transition model (DTM)

a model of how the size of a population changes as a country develops its economy

strengths of the DTM

1. good description of general trends
2. provides a basic comparison between countries
3. predictive

weaknesses of the DTM

1. suggests that all countries will industrialise
2. created in europe therefore not all countries follow the same stages
3. ignores the impacts of government policies (china's one-child policy)

stage 1 of the DTM

birth rate and death rate is high but fluctuate, this is because there is little access to birth control, many children die in infancy, no sanitation

stage 2 of the DTM

birth rate remains high but death rate falls rapidly causing natural population growth, this is because there are improvements in medical care, sanitation, water quality, quantity and quality of food

stage 3 of the DTM

birth rates falls rapidly while death rate falls more slowly, this is because of increased birth control and government policies

stage 4 of the DTM

both birth and death rates remain low resulting in a steady population growth, this is because women have greater freedom about having children and think more about fulfilling their own desires before starting a family

stage 5 of the DTM

death rate slightly exceeds birth rate causing the total population to decline, this is because of homosexual couples not having children (only seen in some western countries)

population pyramids

shows the composition of a population (many LICs will have high number of young dependants while HICs have a growing number of elderly dependants)

dependants

people who rely on the economically active for support (elderly 65+ or very young <15)

characteristics of a population pyramid

short pyramid = low life expectancy
wide base = high birth rate
thin middle = less economically active workers => less wealth
concave sides = high death rate
convex sides = population active and in good health

demographic dividend

the boost in economic growth due to changes in a country's population age structure

demographic dividend explanation

fertility rates decrease, working-age population grows larger relative to the younger dependant population, opening opportunities for rapid economic growth

dependancy ratio formula

[(% over 65) + (% under 15) / %15 - %64] * 100

pro-natalist policy in france

encouraged an increased in french birth rates in 1939 due to population decline after WW1, receive well paid maternity leave and payments up to £1064 to couples having a 3rd child

the transmigration program

migrated people from densely populated areas of Indonesia to less populated areas, moved 2.5 million people from Java and Bali to Papua and other islands, believed it would reduce poverty by providing land and new opportunities as they had problems with scarce resources and overcrowding

china's one child policy

limits families to only have one child, would receive a 5-10% salary raise for only having one child, they introduced it because they were very poor and under communist power, the leader believed the more people the stronger the nation, population growth slowed massively for people to have enough food and job opportunities

the population, resources and pollution model (PRP)

shows the relationship between population growth, human demand for resources, and the environmental consequences

PRP model negative feedback example

population increases > more resources needed > environmental degradation > decline in resources > population decreases

PRP model positive feedback example

population increases > demand for resources increases > resources acquisition increases > more resources to support the population > population increases

malthusian population theory

population grows at a rapid geometric rate, resources increase at a slower arithmetic rate, when the population meets the resources rate at the critical point the population falls drastically as the resources cannot meet the needs of the population's demand (the population exceeds the carrying capacity)

what are the implications of the malthusian population theory?

law of diminishing returns, soil will be over-cultivated due to too much farming, decreasing the supply of resources, causing a fall in population, this can be solved by increased technology such as fertilisers

boserup's population theory

an increasing population would encourage inventions to increase the supply of resources, necessity is the mother of invention

what are the implications of boserup's population theory?

increased inventions lead to better technology (tractors, irrigation, fertilisers)

what are the problems of boserup's population theory?

finite resources (fossil fuels), the later in time the less effective the inventions will be

characteristics of youthful populations

high dependancy ratio, often in LICs, high birth rate, low life expectancy, population pyramid has a wide base, a narrow top and is short

characteristics of ageing populations

high dependancy ratio, often in HICs, high life expectancy, low birth rate (government policies), population pyramids has a narrow base, a wide top and is tall (East Devon)

ageing population advantages

social: the retired can help younger working relatives (with child-care)

economic: increased job opportunities in care professions

political: political parties can rely on the vote of the elderly

ageing population disadvantages

social: strain on housing resources

economic: not many people available/too old to work

political: drains government resources - health care, pensions, transport (need for higher taxes)

3 types of migration

refugee, asylum seeker, economic migrant

refugee

a person fleeing from civil war or a natural disaster but not fleeing out of fear of persecution (has been granted permission to stay)

refugee example

the UK granted a 3-year visa to ukrainian refugees after russia invaded ukraine through the 'ukrainian family scheme' the UK government set up, the UK government issued 72,000 visas through the UFS

asylum seeker

a person who has fled their country out of fear of persecution

economic migrant

a person who has left their country to seek employment in another country either legally or illegally

economic migrant example (australia)

australia, after 1945 the government encouraged young european families to migrate to australia

pull to australia: rich, freedom, great agriculture potential

push from australia: wild fires, dangerous animals, flooding

outcomes: more skilled workers, original citizens find it hard to find jobs, migrants fly in - higher carbon footprint

economic migrant example (poland)

in 2007 1.3 million polish people moved to the UK for seasonal work however many of them remained in the UK, poland's unemployment rate was 17%, they were attracted by the free healthcare (the NHS spent £350 million on maternity services for foreign born mothers), the polish economy therefore grew as remittances were sent home (in 2006 it was €3.5 billion), however it increased the strain the NHS & education in the UK, the high demand for resources (housing) led to shortages - increasing prices

migration push factors

environmental: natural disasters

economic: lower wages, poverty, lack of job opportunities

political: war, active religious persecution

social: overpopulation, a lack of health care

migration pull factors

environmental: a better environment (air/water/noise/pollution)

economic: a range of new job opportunities, higher wages

political: principles of religious tolerance

social: a better standard of living/education

the lee model

states that both the origin and destination have positive and negative attributes

positive migration outcomes (origin country)

overpopulation problems would be solved (enough resources), less demand for education/health care

negative migration outcomes (origin country)

shortages of skilled workers (doctors), gender imbalances (more women), develops an ageing population (those of working age are more likely migrate)

positive migration outcomes (destination country)

labour pool increased, new skilled introduced, migrant workers are mobile by paying tax and spending money, cultural and racial variety

negative migration outcomes (destination country)

housing shortages, cultural differences can lead to racism, strained education/health care

WHO's health definition

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease

epidemic diseases

(local) an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at the same time and may spread throughout many communities (malaria, yellow fever, ebola)

pandemic disease

(global) when an epidemic disease spreads throughout the whole world (covid-19, spanish flu, the plague, chicken pox, AIDs)

2 types of disease

infectious, affluence

causes of infectious diseases in LICs

1. malnutrition - less food availability
2. lack of clean water
3. high population density - diseases can spread easier
4. poor health care - limited access
5. poor education - limited knowledge about illness, how to avoid it and sexual health (AIDs)
6. vectors are more common in LICs - (mosquitos for malaria)

causes of affluence diseases in HICs

1. ageing populations - more elderly and old age diseases (heart attacks)
2. unhealthy lifestyles - high fat and sugar diets, smoking (cancer and diabetes)

diseases caused by poor water quality

cholera, diarrhoea & typhoid

overpopulation

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment, lower standard of living, resources are shared, economic standard per capita declines

optimum population

when the population and resources are perfectly matched, highest economic standard of living, resources are exploited effectively

underpopulation

too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country

carrying capacity

the largest population that an environment can support (resources)

ecological footprint formula

total biocapacity of an area / population

factors affecting health

1. climate - malaria comes from mosquitos in warm climates

2. education - knowledge about diseases, how to avoid it and how to treat it

3. nutrition/diet

4. water supply/sanitation - open sewers allows diseases to breed rapidly

5. living conditions - damp/cold conditions lead to lung diseases, overcrowded conditions lead to rapid spread disease

6. demographic stage - ageing populations are more likely to develop coronary heart disease, cancer or strokes

7. sexual health - multiple partners, using no protection leads to AIDs or HIVs

8. lifestyle choices - smoking = lung cancer, alcohol = heart diseases, poor diet = diabetes

epidemiological transition

how the leading cause of death changes as a country develop

the classical (western) ETM

gradual transition from high mortality + fertility to low, accompanied by modernisation, exponential population growth + sustained economic development correlates to the downwards trend to mortality

the accelerated ETM

occurred mostly notably in japan, the period for mortality to reach a certain level was much shorter than in the classical model, abortion had played a huge role in japan

the delayed ETM

the yet-to-be transition for most developing countries, stage 3 DTM, not completed the DTM yet

3 stages of the epidemiological transition

1. the age of pestilence and famine - mortality was high and life expectancy was low
2. the age of receding pandemic - mortality declined but infectious diseases were still responsible for the majority of deaths
3. the age of degenerative and man-made diseases - mortality continues to decline and approaches stability at a low level

tandridge (local health case study) knowledge

tandridge 60% "very good health" - england 42%
tandridge 17% retired - england 14%
tandridge 8% disabled - england 17%
tandridge 46% are between ages 40-74
tandridge 8.6 per 1000 suicide rate - england 10.4 per 1000
tandridge 77% physically active adults - england 67%
tandridge 59% overweight/obese - england 64%
tandridge 89% employed - england 75%
tandridge average income £36,000 - england £32,000

factors impacting health in tandridge

social: a better/healthier community leads to less suicide

environmental: more access to green open space can encourage people to exercise

economic: a higher income can allow people to pay for better/private health care

coronary heart disease

fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries, become narrow, cannot supply oxygenated blood to the heart

what causes coronary heart disease?

smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, unhealthy diet

coronary heart disease A02

1. more common in HICs because people can afford to eat more/unhealthy foods and have more unhealthy lifestyles due to a lack of exercise

2. can affect mental health which leads to unemployment

3. strain on the NHS, expensive for the government

how can we manage this disease?

better lifestyle, more exercise, healthier foods, medication is available, surgery

malaria

a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted through mosquito bites

socio-economic/environmental variables leading to malaria

1. found in hot climates (along the equator)
2. education - low levels of awareness prevent treatment
3. income - not able to afford medicine
4. prone to LICs - don't have the resources to prevent/treat it

effects of malaria

economic: poverty, slowed economic growth due to loss of life, great expenditure on public health, worker productivity lowers

social: affects their quality of life, severe forms can lead to disabilities, comas and death

international government organisations (IGOs)

regional/global organisations of which countries are members, they manage global development, specific health issues or environmental issues

non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

a non-profit association that operates independently of the government, can be local/global

positives of IGOs

1. legitimacy and authority, have official recognition and power to make global laws/decisions
2. have access to significant financial resources enabling them to fund large-scale initiatives
3. have a broad global reach
4. set international norms, promote better standards

negatives of IGOs

1. can be influenced by political interests, lead to biased/delayed actions
2. can be bureaucratic, slows down decision-making
3. not directly involved with individuals or communities

positives of NGOs

1. more adaptable/flexible, can respond quickly to emerging issues
2. smaller size allows for more localised and community-driven interventions
3. they target populations allowing them to develop specialised knowledge

negatives of NGOs

1. rely on external funding (donations) which can be limited/unpredictable
2. lack of authority, their recommendations are not binding

examples of IGOs

the world bank, WHO, WTO

examples of NGOs

greenpeace, fair trade, CAFOD, water aid, the red cross

agricultural systems

the application of human inputs (labour and capital) to natural factors (climate and soil)

agricultural productivity

the amount of useful output in proportion to the amount of inputs (shows the farm's efficiency)

intensive farming

high labour and capital inputs (machinery) in relation to agricultural land to maximise yields

extensive farming

low labour and capital inputs in relation to agricultural land to produce at lower outputs

commercial farming

agriculture with the intention of providing yields that can be sold commercially to make a profit (usually intensive farming)

subsistence farming

self-sufficient farming, crops are grown only to support those growing the crops (family) with little profit - commonly found in LICs