2. Physical basics of the movements, balance, force, power

Weight

Larger weight easy to stabilize in one position, but difficult to mobilize, during mobilization, it is difficult to stop and re-stabilize

Height

Larger height, difficult to stabilize

Supporting surface

can be changed in order to improve stability of patient.

Stable floor → Unstable floor
Larger supporting surface is easier than smaller supporting surface

Propioceptors

Receptors in muscles and tendons.
Responsible for maintaining balance and stability.
Activated on unstable floor. Proprioceptive training is compulsory for athletes

Nervous system

If injured, all muscles affected will not be activated.

Nervous system injury can be central or peripheral.

Instability

Line of gravity is far from supporting surface

Constant type motion

Same level of intensity (safer, cardiac patients prefer this)

Inconsistent type motion

Intensity changing via intervals (more benefits if healthy, pulmonary patients prefer this)

Fulcrum

Centre of joint

Mobilizer and stabilizer muscle rule

All muscles are mobilizers and stabilizers, but one is more dominant than the other

Mobilizer muscles

Works with large power and faster, but fatigues in a short period

Stabilizer muscles

Work with smaller power and slower, but fatigues after long time

Principles of graduality: Lever arm

Next to body → Chest/occiput → Next to ears → use tools

Principles of graduality: Starting position

Supine → prone → all fours → sitting → standing

Standing

Supporting surface is minimum. All joints are loaded.

stable surface → unstable surface

Pulleys

Helps multiply force
Strengthening, stretching, pulling exercises
Traction machines

Pendulum

A weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely → momentum
Hip and shoulder movements

Traction device

Continuous passive motion. It is able to mobilize joints in a constant and safe manner with normal and optimal power.

Class 1 unilateral joints (atlanto-occipital joint)

Ext (gravity) and Int (Extensors of neck) forces are equal to each other
Fulcrum is in the middle, head can be kept in the middle

Class 2 Unilateral joints

Point of external force is in the middle between fulcrum and insertion of muscle.

These muscles work slowly over a long time without fatigue.

Class 3 unilateral

The insertion of the muscle is between fulcrum and the point of gravity.
Lever arm of the muscle is between the fulcrum and the insertion of the muscle.
Large power is necessary for mobilization