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2 Largest Reservoirs of Inorganic Carbon
CaCO3 + CO2 (rocks and air)
Importance of Inorganic Carbon
photosynthesis, buffering capacity, shape shifter
Photosynthesis drives the chemical equation to the…
right and raises pH
High pH causes…
lots of limestone
adding carbon changes…
pH
CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3
carbonic acid
HCO3
bicarbonate
CO3
carbonate
Carbonate salts form in…
high pH
White mud (marl)
gives northern lakes white color and over long geological time become rocks
The graph / curve for pH looks…
very similar to the oxygen graph - noon - midnight - noon
Shape-Shifter Graph
CO2, HCO3, CO3 are the lines - x axis is pH4, night, pH8, day, pH 12
Usual pH of ponds
8 or higher in summertime
There is no CO2 in water with…
pH 8 or higher
Carbonate salts are deposited on…
leaves of plants
Calcium carbonate neutralizes…
acid, protects water, prevents pH from getting too high
Pyrite is highly…
soluble
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
one limiting factor, strict stoichiometry, non-substitutability in demand
Limiting nutrient in lakes
phosphorus
Limiting nutrient in rivers
50/50 phosphorus and nitrogen
Limiting nutrient in marine ecosystems
nitrogen
Limiting nutrient in terrestrial systems
nitrogen - washed away every time it rains
Phosphorus is very…
sticky
Oligotrophic
less than 10 ppb (water you want to swim in)
Mesotrophic
10 - 50 ppb (water you don’t want to swim in)
Eutrophic
more than 50 ppb (water you don’t want to swim in)
Phosphorus is rare in…
biosphere
Plants have high demand for…
phosphorus
PO4
phosphate
Phosphorus Cycle
purely sedimentary, runaway eutrophication, sediments accumulate phosphorus
#1 water pollutant in North America
phosphorus
Phosphorus can only go…
downhill
Characteristics of Eutrophic Systems
low water transparency (algae)
growth of noxious gases (toxic microcystis filamentous)
hypoxia (fish kills)
Hypoxia
more phosphate = more algae = more detritus = more microbial activity = no more oxygen = dead fishies
NO3
nitrate
NO2
nitrite
N2
nitrogen gas
NH3
ammonia
Natural Processes of Nitrogen Fixation
Rhizobial Bacteria (legumes + blue-green algae)
lightning
Human Processes of Nitrogen Fixation
synthetic fertilizer
tail pipe emissions
planting lots of legumes
haber bosch process
Rebecca Fagley
venango county conservation district
Groundwater reacts with pyrite from bedrock, carries it to the surface, then reacts with water
4FeS2 + 15O2 + 14H2O > 4Fe(OH3) + 8(SO4) 2 + 16H+
Surface Mine Control + Reclamation Act of 1977
regulates current mining practices and created the AML fund
Methods of Remediating AMD
diversion of surface and ground water, chemical (active) treatments, passive treatments