Physiology - Module 13 2026 Ratio

D. Production of testosterone

The following are functions of the Sertoli cell, EXCEPT:

A. Helps in sperm development and maturation

B. Secretion of inhibin

C. Maintenance of the blood-testis barrier

D. Production of testosterone

A. Higher cortical function is necessary for erection

True of the excitement phase of the sexual act, EXCEPT:

A. Higher cortical function is necessary for erection

B. Integration center is in the spinal cord

C. Erectile tissues get engorged with blood

D. Parasympathetic signals to the genitals predominate

C. Voluntary pelvic muscle contraction completes the process

True of seminal emission and ejaculation, EXCEPT:

A. Trauma to T12-L2 spinal levels can impair ejaculation

B. These are under sympathetic control

C. Voluntary pelvic muscle contraction completes the process

D. Refractory period follows

D. Decrease in mitochondrial activity

All of the following are characteristics of sperm capacitation, EXCEPT:

A. Loss of cholesterol from the sperm membrane

B. Capacity for acrosomal reaction

C. Increase in motility

D. Decrease in mitochondrial activity

C. Binding of sperm to oocyte

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for sperm capacitation?

A. Exposure to female reproductive tract secretions

B. Removal of inhibitory substances form sperm membrane

C. Binding of sperm to oocyte

D. Activation of sperm enzymes

B. Stimulates and maintain the Leydig cells

The Luteinizing Hormone in males:

A. Stimulates inhibin production and release

B. Stimulates and maintain the Leydig cells

C. Releases androgen binding protein

D. Lowers testosterone production

B. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5

What is the primary mechanism of action of sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction?

A. Inhibition of estrogen receptors

B. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5

C. Stimulation of luteinizing hormone production

D. Inhibition of testosterone synthesis

C. Enhancing Nitric Oxide Release

How does sildenafil facilitate erection?

A. Increasing testosterone levels

B. Promoting estrogen synthesis

C. Enhancing Nitric Oxide Release

D. Inhibiting LH production

A. Growth of prostate gland

What is the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the male body?

A. Growth of prostate gland

B. Increases red blood cell production

C. Increases muscle mass

D. Bone growth and elongation

B. Converts androgens to estrogen

True of the aromatase enzyme:

A. Facilitates relocation of membrane lipids

B. Converts androgens to estrogen

C. Inhibits cellular entry of Acetyl CoA

D. Inhibits progesterone formation

B. Secretory

The luteal phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds to this phase of the uterine cycle.

A. Estrogenic

B. Secretory

C. Proliferative

D. Follicular

C. Surge in LH levels

What is the primary hormonal event associated with ovulation?

A. Rise in FSH levels

B. Decrease in estrogen levels

C. Surge in LH levels

D. Increase in Progesterone levels

D. Breast buds

The first event in female puberty is usually the appearance of:

A. Vulvar enlargement

B. Menstruation

C. Axillary and pubic hair

D. Breast buds

C. There is loss of the negative feedback inhibition

Menopausal women have increased LH and FSH. This is because:

A. Progesterone increases LH and FSH release

B. Aromatase synthesizes more estrogen

C. There is loss of the negative feedback inhibition

D. GnRH stimulates LH and FSH release

B. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle:

A. Estrogen levels progressively increase

B. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone

C. Luteinizing hormone surge is observed

D. Follicle containing the ovum progressively enlarges

D. Widening of hips

Estrogen is responsible for which bodily changes in females?

A. Broadening of shoulders

B. Increased visceral fat

C. Increase in facial hair growth

D. Widening of hips

C. All of the choices are correct

Importance of the female orgasm:

A. Rhythmic uterine contractions can facilitate entry of the sperm

B. Possibility of multiple orgasms may increase chance of fertilization

C. All of the choices are correct

D. Temporarily opens the cervix allowing sperm entry

B. Adipose tissue and adrenal glands

In post-menopausal women, estrogen is synthesized in:

A. Granulosa cells and theca cells

B. Adipose tissue and adrenal glands

C. Adrenal glands and granulosa cells

D. Adrenal glands and theca cells

A. Corpus luteum

During the second half of the menstrual cycle, progesterone is mainly produced by the:

A. Corpus luteum

B. Trophoblasts

C. Zona Pellucida

D. Decidual cells

D. Human Somatomammotropin

An exaggerated response to this hormone can result in gestational diabetes:

A. Thyroid

B. Insulin

C. bHCG

D. Human Somatomammotropin

A. Fetal hemoglobin efficiently extracts O2 from the low pO2 maternal blood

True about the O2 exchange in the placenta:

A. Fetal hemoglobin efficiently extracts O2 from the low pO2 maternal blood

B. A gradient of 2-3mmHg is sufficient to facilitate O2 exchange

C. pO2 in maternal blood is lower than that of fetal blood

D. Active transport mechanisms requiring ATP are involved

A. Folic Acid

To prevent fetal neural tube defects, supplementation with this vitamin is recommended during pregnancy:

A. Folic Acid

B. Vitamin D

C. Pyruvate

D. Vitamin A

B. All of the choices are correct

During parturition, how does cervical stretch lead to stronger uterine contractions?

A. Pituitary oxytocin release

B. All of the choices are correct

C. Local myogenic reflex

D. The stretch provides a positive feedback

B. All of the choices are correct

Source of labor pains:

A. Cervical and vaginal stretch

B. All of the choices are correct

C. Uterine hypoxia

D. Perineal tears / injuries

C. Polyhydramnios may signify esophageal atresia

True about the amniotic fluid

A. Turn over of fluids takes 24H

B. Large portion comes from maternal lymphatics

C. Polyhydramnios may signify esophageal atresia

D. Normal amount is 8-10 liters

A. Occurs around 1 minute from the start of suckling

True of the ‘milk let down’ reflex.

A. Occurs around 1 minute from the start of suckling

B. Amount of adipose surrounding the breast prevents ejection of milk

C. Milk ejection occurs only in the breast being suckled

D. This reflex is unnecessary since milk freely flows from alveoli to ducts

D. Choriocarcinoma

Which is the most common type of cancer that arises from Trophoblasts?

A. Germ cell tumors

B. Sarcoma

C. Neuroectodermal tumor

D. Choriocarcinoma