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Memory

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to an experience.

Recognition

The ability to identify previously encountered material.

Recall

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material.

Source Amnesia

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later.

Encode

Encode information in more than one way; encode information meaningfully.

Hypnosis

A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject, who cooperates by altering his or her normal cognitive functioning accordingly.

Explicit Memory

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions.

Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP)

A model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network and all operating in parallel.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Limited capacity memory system involved in the retention of information for short periods.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

The memory system involved in the long-term storage of information.

Retroactive Interference

Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously.

Mnemonics

Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of verse or a formula.

Decay Theory

The theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed; it applies more to short-term than to long-term memory.

Deep Processing

The processing of meaning rather than simply the physical or sensory features of a stimulus.

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insufficient cues for recall.

State-Dependent Memory

The tendency to remember something when the rememberer is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience.

Childhood Amnesia

The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.

Behaviorism

An approach in psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.

Operant Conditioning

Process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Reflexive response elicited by the stimulus in the absence of learning.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Positive Reinforcement

A response is followed by the presentation of, or the increase in intensity of, a reinforcing stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Negative Reinforcement

A response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result, the response becomes stronger or more likely to occur.

Social-Cognitive Learning

Learning that occurs by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior, emphasizing imitation, modeling, and mental processes.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A belief or expectation that influences behavior in ways that cause the belief to come true.