Olympia AP World-Europe and Russia

Henry VIII

The absolute monarch of England who broke with the Catholic Church and established the Anglican Church during the Protestant Reformation. Located in Europe

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor who ruled a vast European empire and fought to maintain Catholic dominance against Protestant reforms. Located in Europe

Queen Elizabeth I

English monarch who strengthened Protestantism, defeated the Spanish Armada, and oversaw a golden age of English power. Located in Europe

King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella

Spanish monarchs who unified Spain, sponsored Columbus, and enforced Catholic orthodoxy through the Inquisition. Located in Europe

Spanish Armada

A powerful Spanish navy fleet defeated by England in 1588, marking the decline of Spanish dominance in Europe. Located in Europe

Habsburgs

A powerful royal dynasty in Europe that controlled Austria, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for centuries. Located in Europe

Holy Roman Empire

A fragmented political entity in Central Europe ruled by the emperor and heavily influenced by the Catholic Church.

Louis XIV

The "Sun King" of France who epitomized absolutism and built the Palace of Versailles as a symbol of power. Located in Europe

Edict of Nantes

A French decree granting limited religious toleration to Huguenots in 1598. Located in Europe

Thirty Years' War

A destructive religious conflict (1618-1648) in Central Europe between Protestants and Catholics that ended religious pluralism in Europe.

Divine Right

The belief that monarchs received their authority directly from God and were accountable only to Him. Located in Europe

Palace of Versailles

Lavish palace built by Louis XIV to display royal power and control the French nobility. Located in Europe

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by Calvinism who were persecuted by Catholic monarchs. Located in Europe

Protestant

Branch of Christianity that broke away from the Catholic Church, who did not believe in the authority of the Pope and focused on the authority of the Bible.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement begun by Martin Luther that challenged Catholic authority and spread Protestant Christianity. Located in Europe

Martin Luther

German monk who started the Protestant Reformation and the Protestant branch by posting the 95 Theses criticizing the Catholic Church. Located in Europe

95 Theses

Martin Luther's list of criticisms of Church practices, especially indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation. Located in Europe

Indulgences

Payments to the Catholic Church for the forgiveness of sins, a practice challenged by reformers like Luther. Located in Europe

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and Catholic scholar who called for reform of Church corruption before the Reformation. Located in Europe

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who emphasized predestination and founded Calvinism. Located in Europe

Predestination

The Calvinist belief that God had predetermined who would be saved.

Puritans

English Protestants who sought to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic elements and later migrated to the Americas.

Anglican Church

The national Church of England established by Henry VIII after breaking from the Catholic Church.

Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation)

The Catholic Church's reform movement to fight Protestantism through councils, Jesuits, and renewed discipline. Located in Europe

Ignatius Loyola

Spanish founder of the Jesuits who promoted Catholic education and missionary work.

Spanish Inquisition

Catholic courts established in Spain to root out heresy and enforce orthodoxy. Located in Europe

Jesuits

A Catholic order founded during the Council of Trent that spread Catholicism globally through missions and education.

Johannes Gutenberg

European inventor of the movable-type printing press that revolutionized the spread of ideas. Located in Europe

Printing Press

Technology that allowed for the mass production of books and the rapid spread of Reformation ideas. Located in Europe

Vernacular

The use of local, everyday languages in literature and religion rather than Latin.

Humanism

Renaissance intellectual movement focused on human potential, classical learning, and secular themes. Located in Europe

Council of Trent

A council called by Charles V to address the challenge of Protestantism. They reaffirmed the authority of the Pope, created new Catholic orders and charged Martin Luther with heresy

Absolutism

A form of government in which monarchs held total control justified by divine right. Located in Europe

Little Ice Age

A period of global cooling from the 14th-19th centuries that caused agricultural decline and social stress in Europe.

Principalities

Small independent states that existed in medieval Russia before unification under Moscow. Located in Europe

Peter the Great

Russian czar who implemented his policy of "westernization" in Russia to move them more towards a European focus by modernizing education, military and culture. Located in Europe

Eastern Orthodox Church

The branch of Christianity established after the Graet Schism that became the dominant religion in Russia and Eastern Europe. Located in Europe

St. Basil's Cathedral

Iconic Russian Orthodox church in Moscow built under Ivan the Terrible. Located in Europe

St. Petersburg

City founded by Peter the Great as Russia's "window to the West." Located in Europe

Winter Palace

Palace built by Peter the Great for the royal family in St. Petersburg modeled after European architecture. Located in Europe

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate that dominated Russia until Moscow gained independence. Located in Europe

Westernization

Peter the Great's adoption of Western European cultural, technological, and political practices in Russia. Located in Europe

Slavophilism

Russian intellectual movement favoring traditional Slavic culture over Westernization. Located in Europe

czar/tsar

Title used by Russian rulers derived from "Caesar," signifying autocratic power. Located in Europe

Ivan III (The Great)

Moscow ruler who ended Mongol control and centralized Russian power. Located in Europe

Kremlin

The fortified political center of Moscow and Russian government. Located in Europe

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

The first to take the title czar of Russia, known for expansion and brutal rule. Located in Europe

Siberia

Vast eastern territory conquered by Russia for fur trade and expansion.

Cossacks

Semi-nomadic warrior communities on Russia's frontiers who helped expand its borders.

Time of Troubles

A period of political instability and famine in Russia before the Romanov dynasty rose to power. Located in Europe

Romanov Dynasty

Russian ruling family from 1613 to 1917 that strengthened autocracy. Located in Europe

Catherine the Great

,Empress of Russia who expanded territory and embraced Enlightenment ideas as well as strengthening the practice of serfdom. Located in Europe

Pugachev Rebellion

A major peasant revolt against Catherine the Great led to the strengthening of the serfdom. Located in Europe

Boyars

The Russian noble class that often clashed with the authority of the czars. Located in Europe

Serfdom

,A labor system in which peasants were tied to the land and dominated Russian and European society until the 19th century. Located in Europe

Pogroms

Organized violent attacks against Jewish communities in Russia. Located in Europe

Michael Romanov

First ruler of the Romanov dynasty who restored stability after the Time of Troubles. Located in Europe

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the late 18th century. Located in Europe