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social structure theories, main points of readings
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Risk Factors of violent behavior in young men
SES - on the lower end
High impulsiveness
Poor housing
Low IQ
Protective Factors
socially competent
problem-solving skills
self-efficacy & autonomy
sense of purpose/hope
Differential Association
by Edwin Sutherland
Learn violent criminal behavior the same way you learn non-violent criminal behavior
Learn it by interacting in close, personal, and intimate behavior
Learn the justification and mechanics of the behavior
Neutralization theory
Individuals justifying criminal and violent behavior
About denial
Deny responsibility
Deny injury
Deny the victim
Condemn the condemners - look at people with authority and blame them
Appeal to a high loyalty - ex: a gang
Hirschi
We should learn about why people do not commit crime
Precursors of why people don't commit crime
Attachment to conventional norms or beliefs
Commitment to conventional norms or beliefs
Belief: Have to believe in the norms and trust them
Chances are exponentially low that if they follow the four ideas above; will commit crimes in their lifetime
Anome
Robert merton
Everyone has similar goals; certain people have the opportunity to achieve legitimate goals by legitimate means
Those who do not have the same opportunity → will achieve those same goals by this saying:
Legitimate goals by illegitimate means
Escalating Problems in the US: Category of Terrorism has outpaced the US
right-wing, left-wing, religious, and ethnonationalist
three broad types of right-wing terrorist organizations
right-wing terrorism
refers to the use or threat of violence by sub-national or non-state entities whose goals may include racial or ethnic supremacy; opposition to government authority; anger at women (incel movement) and outrage against certain policies like abortion
has significantly outpaced terrorism from other types of perpetrators
account for the majority of all terrorist incidents in the US since 1994
grown significantly in number in the past 6 years
perpetrated the majority (57%) of all attacks (893 plots and attacks total for all groups) between 1994 and 2020
left-wing terrorism
involves the threat of violence by sub-national or non-state entities that oppose capitalism, imperialism, and colonialism; pursue environmental or animal rights issues; espouse pro-communist or pro-socialist beliefs; or support a decentralized social and political system such as anarchism
a decentralized mix of actors
anarchists are fundamentally opposed to a centralized government and capitalism and they have organized plots and attacks against the government, capitalist, and globalization targets
ex: Antifa
contraction of the phrase “anti-fascist” refers to a decentralized network of far-left militants that oppose what they believe are fascist, racist, or otherwise right-wing extremists
religious terrorism
includes violence in support of a faith-based belief system, such as Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and Hinduism among many others.
still hold a threat, however, is not the same level of threat as for European countries
has killed the largest number of individuals (3,086) - primarily due to 9/11
ethnonationalist terrorism
refers to the violence in support of ethnic or nationalist goals - often struggles of self-determinism and separatism along ethnic or nationalist lines
Three broad types of right-wing terrorism
white supremacists, anti-government extremists, and incels.
differences lie in ideology, capabilities, tactics, & level of threat
similarities
lie in the decentralization model: comes from individuals, not groups
White supremacists
highly decentralized
whites have their own culture and its superior to others and should exert dominance over others
many adhere to the great replacement conspiracy: claims that whites are being eradicated by ethnic and racial minorities
Accelerationists believe that western governments should be accelerated to create radical social change and establish a whites-only ethnostate.
examples: neo-nazi organizations: natioanlist socialist movement, american nazi party, vanguard america, KKK, proud boys, the three percenters
boogaloo
anti-government extremists
endorses a civil war
often blended in with white supremacist movements
Incels
involuntary celibates
conducts acts of violence against women
composed of a loosely organized virtual community of young males
believe that one’s place is determined by physical characteristics and that women are responsible for this hierarchy
Personality dimensions that predict violence - origin of violent behavior in the life span
hyperactivity
impulsiveness
poor behavioral control
attention problems
corporate violence
difficult to prosecute corporations for criminal violations because of no criminal intent
Had to prosecute under regulatory legislation (attempting to prosecute a coporation
types
general intent
strict liability
vicarious liability
General Intent
Negligence: failure to use reasonable care, resulting in damage or injury to another
Strict liability
If there is something inherently dangerous in what you do or say; you are liable for that consequence
Vicarious liability
you are responsible for the actions of your employees (to hold employers responsible)
Insanity defense **
refers to a defense that a defendant can plead in a criminal trial
the defendant admits the action but asserts a lack of culpability based on mental illness
affirmative defense
attributes to the person’s mental state during the commission of the crime
Mental health Act (2018) **
establishes the rights and procedures for all involuntary treatment of mentally ill persons whether inpatient or outpatients, and for all voluntary inpatient treatment of mentally ill persons
an act relating to mental health procedures; providing for the treatment and rights of mentally disabled persons, for voluntary and involuntary examination and treatment and for determinations affecting those charged with crime or under sentence
Structural violence
acts of violence accepted as being necessary for the maintenance of established patterns of society organization
referred to as “violence of the status quo”
authorized/critically instrumental in protecting society (legitimate)
used to defend and reinforce hierarchical patterns of society
the maintenance function is rationalized/protected physically and psychologically/linguistically and special forms of communication
often results in disproportionately adversely affecting more disadvantaged populations
used to reinforce/maintain a hierarchy of inequality, disregarding the needs and rights of people
Iadolica/Shupe (2013) argue that violence is a form of power
emerges at global/systemic echelons of power
institutional violence
acts of violence emanating in interactions/relationships in society
family/familial organizations
school/educational organizations
workplace/economic organizations
place of worship/religious organizations
state/political/legal institutions
public administrative offices/government agencies/organizations
Surplus Violence
warns against authorizing violence enacted/committed by democratic governments against their populations like:
violence committed by law enforcement agents in the name of “law and order”
violence committed by military officers in “defense of freedom and democracy”
John Keane
democracy is defined as a set of institutions and as a way of life, is a nonviolent means of equally apportioning and publicly monitoring power within and among overlapping communities of people who live according to a wide variety of morals
Antiethical relationship between violence and democracy
violence is the greatest enemy of democracy as we know it
violence is anathema to its spirit an substance
Why is the contemporary caste mass incarceration?
the success of the civil rights movement and launch of the poor people’s movement made a “major disruption” in the nation’s racial equilibrium had occurred
had to be race neutral — could not have clear inherent language that embodies racial discrimination
law and order was enforced - happened to be an increase of crime (baby boomer generation reached crime-prone age) - when black men had the highest unemployment rates
this was suspected to have a correlation with the civil rights movement
13th amendement
neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction
14th amendment
no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws
15th amendment
the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation
Which theory best describes/explains the actions of the men in battalion 101?
both
differential association has higher similarity however.
What percent of population has a latent trait for violence
2-3%
just because they have trait does not mean that they will commit violence
gifts-based liberalism
regards life as sacred and a gift
favors individual choices but acknowledge that our individual choices take place in a framework of the gifts we have received and the responsibilities to others that those gifts entail
Humanity is a long “procession of ancestors who long came before the individual” and that life is more than just the “pursuit of happiness.” We have obligations to others and our ancestors to live a life that was gifted to us. This approach values the sentiment of the creation of life, and that choice should have limitations when trying to make our society a better place.
autonomy-based liberalism
Believe they have the right to do as they please. As long as they are not harming someone else
values individual choice to the fullest extent (even the extreme)
disinformation
content known to be false but presented as if it were true. Deliberately mislead audiences to achieve strategic goals.
modern-day example: during the 2016 election, another persistent fake news story was that Trump won both the popular and electoral college votes.
misinformation
content that is presented as if it were true, but whose truth value is not known by the message director, As such, sources of ____ can be unaware that they are misleading audiences
modern-day example (fake news): vaccination causes autism and gastroenteritis; consumption of alcohol, cow excrements, cow urine, colloidal silver, teas, and essential oils have all been associated with curing COVID-19
attitudinal inoculation
if people are made aware of an imminent attempt to change their beliefs of attitudes and are given information to refute arguments they will encounter, they are more likely to resist persuasion