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genus of gram negative rods
escherichia, salmonella, shigella, legionella, yersinia, pseudomonas
genus of escherichia
e. coli
epidemiology of escherichia
normal flora of humans and animals, opportunistic infection, can acquire additional genes
enterotoxigenic (ETEC) mechanism
heat stable and heat liable exotoxins
enteropathogenic (EPEC) mechanism
plasmid encoded virulence factor that results in microvilli damage
enteroaggregative (EAEC) mechanism
plasmid encoded virulence factor that results in e.coli aggregates, microvilli damage
enteroinvasive (EIEC) mechanism
plasmid encoded virulence factors that result in epithelial cell invasion
shiga toxin producing (STEC/EHEC) mechanism
EPEC + shiga-toxin
disease of enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
traveler’s diarrhea
disease of enteropathogenic (EPEC)
malabsorption and diarrhea
disease of enteroaggregative (EAEC)
malabsorption, diarrhea, hemorrhaging
disease of enteroinvasive (EIEC)
malabsorption, diarrhea, hemorrhaging
disease of shiga-producing toxin (STEC/EHEC)
malabsorption, diarrhea, hemorrhaging (O157 H7)
infection in small intestine
enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enteropathogenic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC)
infection in large intestion
enteroinvasive (EIEC), shiga toxin producing (STEC/EHEC)
other sites of contamination
uti, neonatal meningitis
transmission of escherichia
fecal-oral
treatment of escherichia
mild cases - self limiting, severe cases - antibiotics
prevention of escherichia
good hygiene, cook food properly
genus of salmonella
enterica, typhi
epidemiology of enterica
contaminated food, no disease in other animal hosts
transmission of enterica
fecal-oral
epidemiology of typhi
restricted to humans, asymptomatic carriers
transmission of typhi
fecal-oral
virulence factors of enterica
replicate in endocytic vesicle, no fusion of lysosome
virulence factors of typhi
replicate in endocytic vesicle, no fusion of lysosome, replication macrophages
disease of enterica
nausea, vomiting, nonbloody diarrhea
disease of typhi
nausea, vomiting, nonbloody diarrhea, typhoid fever, septicemia
treatment of salmonella
self-limiting in GI, antibiotics in severe cases
prevention of salmonella
cook food properly, hygiene, vaccination against typhi
genus of shigella
dysenteriae
epidemiology of shigella
restricted to humans
transmission of shigella
fecal-oral
virulence factors of shigella
induce phagocytosis, shoot themselves into neighboring cells, exotoxin
disease of shigella
diarrhea, bloody stools, abdominal cramps
treatment of shigella
usually self-limiting
prevention of shigella
good hygiene
genus of legionella
pneumophila
epidemiology of legionella
obligate aerobe, associated with contaminated water
disease of legionella
respiratory infection, mild infection - pontiac fever, severe infection - legionnaires disease
virulence factors of legionella
grows in ameba and alveolar macrophages, lps mediated damage, resistant to typical intracellular defense and cleaning agents
transmission of legionella
contaminated water
treatment of legionella
antibiotics
prevention of legionella
resistant to cleaning agents like bleach, filters
genus of yersinia
pestis (bubonic plague)
epidemiology of yersinia
natural host are rats (asyptomatic), zoonotic infection with humans dead end host
disease of yersinia
rapid onset, bacteremia, pneumonia
virulence factors of yersinia
resistant to phagocytic killing, cytotoxin disrupts actin filament and cytokine production, plasmid encoded
transmission of yersinia
fleas, person to person
treatment of yersinia
antibiotics- has to be caught early due to rapid progession
prevention of yersinia
rodent/flea control
genus of pseudomonas
aeruginosa
epidemiology of pseudomonas
moist environments, minimal growth requirements
virulence factors of pseudomonas
biofilms, capsule, adhesions, exotoxin, pigments, enzymes
disease of pseudomonas
bronchial infections, uti, corneal ulcers, bacteremia, more likely in CF, immunocompromised, with burns
transmission of pseudomonas
fomites
treatment of pseudomonas
antibiotics (resistance)
prevention of pseudomonas
sterilizing equipment