Animal Domestication

Domestication

species bred in captivity and modified in ways to make them useful for humans

6 traits all domesticated animals have

1. Temperament

2. Diet

3. Captive Breeding

4. No tendency to panic (fine to move place to place)

5. Social Structure (herder + herd)

6. Fast Growth Rate

Temperament

- not aggressive

ex:

horse vs. zebra

cow vs. deer

diet

- herbivores

- not hunter gatherers (not hunting prey)

Captive breeders

- cannot be nervous/shy during breeding

- allow humans nearby during sex

- non monogamous aka polygamist

No tendency to panic

- can move place to place

- not territorial

- not migratory

- open graze

Social Structure

- based on dominance hierarchy

- not loners; herds and herders (alpha)

- not aggressive to each other

Fast growth rate

- walk by themselves early on

- precocial

- fast maturation

- not nocturnal

Precocial

able to walk within minutes to hour after birth

Horse Domestication

- changed world history

- used as fast transportation

- used for war defense against invasion

cell # (humans v. whales)

37.2 trillion cells in humans

50 trillion in whale

difference b/w animal and plant cell

- cell wall

- chlorophyll and chloroplast

Typical animal cell

- plasma membrane

- cellular organelles

- Endoplasmic reticulum

plasma membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell (via pores)

- prevent bacteria and virus

- phospholipid bilayer

phopholipid bilayer

- selectively permeable

- let in fatty solns easily

- water based (or polar molecules) enter more slowly

- hydrophobic tail

- hydrophilic head

cellular organelles

- er

- golgi complex

- mitochondria

- vesicles

cell life spans

lifetime of cells:

- WBC: 4 hrs

- intestinal cell: 3 day

- skin cell: 2-4 week

- eye and brain cell: forever

Endoplasmic Reticulum (outside nucleus)

- "manufacturing"

- make protein, steroids, lipids, etc.

- rough and smooth er

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

- ribosomes make proteins and amino acids (string of polypeptides)

Smooth ER

ER that has no ribosomes

- makes lipids and steroids

- detoxify body (liver cells)

organs w/ Rough ER

have lots of protein

ex: pancreas (makes insulin), plasma membrane

organs w/ Smooth ER

ex: liver, ovaries, testes (uses steroids)

Golgi apparatus (phone shape)

- named after Camillo Golgi

- packages

- folded organelle

Mitochondria

- powerhouse of the cell

- function = cellular respiration

- has its own DNA

Mitochondrial DNA

- circular DNA

- inherited maternally

- 16569 base pairs

- 37 genes