Studied by 10 people
Lifestyle factors affecting disease [3]
smoking
lack of exercise
eating
Substances affecting disease [3]
ionising radiation
UV light from the sun
secondhand tobacco smoke
Correlation
a suggested link or relationship between variables
Causal mechanism
something that explains how one factor influences another
Tumour
a mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body
Benign tumour
A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them - contained within a membrane - non-cancerous
Malignant tumour
A cancerous tumour that splits and may invade the bloodstream or lymphatic system, from which they may lodge in another organ. Disrupts normal tissues
Cancer risk factors [4]
genetic risk factors
mutations from carcinogens
ionising radiation
viral infections
Cures for cancer [2]
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Cancer cells are destroyed by targeted doses of radiation. Can also destroy healthy cells
Chemotherapy
Chemicals are used to either stop cancer cells dividing or make them 'self-destruct'.
Carbon monoxide effects
Bonds to haemoglobin thereby interfering with oxygen transport in the bloodstream. Causes headaches in humans at low concentrations, can cause death with prolonged exposure at high concentrations.
Smoking during pregnancy [reason + 3]
not enough oxygen supplied for growth
premature births
low birthweight
stillbirths
What happens to the cilia of the lungs when smoking?
They are anaesthetised by chemicals and so do not sweep away mucus and bacteria. The mucus buildup causes coughing.
The effects of tar
Accumulates in lungs, makes smokers more likely to develop bronchitis. Destroys alveoli causing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What heart-related diseases are linked to smoking? [2]
Cardiovascular disease (heart attacks, strokes)
Coronary heart disease
How does smoking increase the risk of heart problems? [5]
smoking narrows blood vessels
nicotine increases heart rate
other chemicals damage the lining of arteries
chemicals also raise blood pressure
increases risk of clots and various diseases
Health problems from being obese: [3]
type 2 diabetes
high blood pressure
heart disease
if you exercise more…
…you are less at risk of these health problems
1st - muscle tissue - causal mechanism for exercise keeping you healthy [4]:
more muscle tissue
higher metabolic rate
less likely to be overweight
reduces risk of arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure
2nd - the heart - causal mechanism for exercise keeping you healthy:
heart will be fitter and have better blood supply
exercise lowers blood cholesterol
reduces risk of fatty deposits on coronary arteries
lowers risk of heart disease etc
With type 2 diabetes, your body either…
doesn’t produce enough insulin or
doesn’t respond to insulin
insulin
a hormone that allows you to use glucose for energy
type 2 diabetes affects [4]:
circulation
kidney function
eyesight
may eventually lead to death
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes [4]:
being overweight
lack of exercise
being older
genetic tendency
cure for type 2 diabetes [3]:
balanced diet with controlled carbohydrate
losing weight
regular exercise
The effects of alcohol [3]:
absorbed into blood from gut and passes into body tissues
affects nervous system
can lead to unconsciousness, coma and death
How does alcohol affect the nervous system?
Makes thought processes, reflexes and many reaction slower.
Liver cirrhosis
A disease that destroys the liver tissue. The tissue is replaced by scar tissue that cannot carry out vital functions
Liver cancer
Alcohol is a carcinogen, and can cause liver cancer, which spreads quickly and is difficult to treat
Brain damage
Alcohol causes the brain to become soft and pulpy, losing normal brain structures and stopping it from functioning properly
Effects of drinking while pregnant [5]
miscarriage
stillbirth
premature births
low birthweight
fetal alcohol syndrome
How does ionising radiation cause cancer?
Radiation penetrates cells and damages chromosomes, causing DNA mutations
Sources of ionising radiation [4]
UV light from sun (sunscreen and clothing)
radioactive materials in soil, water and air
medical and dental X-rays
accidents in nuclear power generation
melanoma
a type of skin cancer from sun exposure
