MicroBio CH: 1

What is Microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Examples of microorganisms and infectious agents

• Bacteria

• Algae, Protozoa, Fungi

• Viruses, Viroids, Prions

How long have microbes existed for …. and who found them

~ 3.5 billion years

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Vital Activities of microorganisms

• Nitrogen Fixation ( To build organic molecules)

• Oxygen production

• Degradation of cellulose ( nature, ruminants)

Applications of Microbiology

• Food production ( Sauerkraut)

• Bioremediation ( removal of PCB’s, oil, radioactive waste, DDT from environment) ← using living organisms (like bacteria, fungi, or plants) to clean up pollution in the environment.

Cyanobacteria

Nitrogen gas in air → cyanobacteria change it → usable nitrogen → plants use it

bacteria that can use sunlight to make food, similar to plants.

What are some useful product made using microorganisms …

• Organic acids

• Ethanol

• Antibiotics

• Amino acids

• Vitamens

What is Genetic Engineering

the introduction of genes from one organism into another, often unrelated organism

What are some uses of genetic engineering ?

• Making medical products

• Creating genetically engineered plants

• Gene therapy

what is medical Microbiology

the study of microbes that are medically important for human health, especially microbes that can cause disease

What is the major cause of death world Wide ?

Infectious Diseases

• Respiratory infections high

Triumphs of medical microbiology

• Smallpox eradication ( only in labs not around for humans)

• Treatment of bubonic plague, ( can treat but still can happen)

• Vaccinations, preventing

Emerging diseases …

• Hepatitis C

• Multi-drug tuberculosis

• Lyme disease

• west nile virus

• Hantavirus

• SARS, Bird FLu, Swine Flu, COVIS- 19

• AIDS

• Mad Cow disease

• Ebola Virus

Reasons for emerging diseases

• changing lifestyles

• Change in infectious agent allows it to infect a new host

• Acquisition of new genes by microbe

Reasons for re-emergence of diseases

• Increased international travel

• drug resistance

• Laxness in vaccinations

• Older populations

Chronic disease caused by microbes ( explain and examples)

• Diseases once attributed to other causes are now known to be due to microbes

Examples

• Peptic ulcers

• Chronic indigestion

• MS, IBS, River blindness, Cardiovascular disease

3 domains of life

Eukaryote

Batirea

Achrea

Bacteria Cell type, number of cells, membrane bound organelles Y/N, Ribosomal unique Y/N, Peptidoglycan in cell wall, typical size range

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, No, yes, yes, 0.3-2 um

Archea Cell type, number of cells, membrane bound organelles Y/N, Ribosomal unique Y/N, Peptidoglycan in cell wall, typical size range

• prokaryotic

• unicellular

• NO

• Yes

• No

• 0.3-2 um

Eukaryotic Cell type, number of cells, membrane bound organelles Y/N, Ribosomal unique Y/N, Peptidoglycan in cell wall, typical size range

• Eukaryotic

• Unicellular or multicellular

• Yes

• Yes

• No

• 5-50um

red bone marrow produces…

All seven formed elements

what is multipotent cells, and called what for blood

many kinds

• called Hemocytoblasts or hemopoietic stem cells

Colony-Forming unit of blood

Specialized stem cells only producing one class of formed element of blood

Myeloid hemopoiesis

Blood formation in the red bone marrow

• Most common

Lymphoid Hemopoiesis

Blood formation in the lymphatic organs ( beyond infancy this only involves lymphocytes)

Two principal functions of Erythrocytes

• Carry oxygen from lungs to the cell tissues

• Pick up CO2 from tissues and bring to lungs to exit body

Erythrocytes Structure

Disc shaped cell with thick rim

Biconcave shape

• lose nearly all organelles during development

erythrocytes loose nearly all there organelles which is…

• Lack of mitochondria ( Wont consume O2, Anaerobic fermentation to produce ATP) , so they don’t use up O2 that there transporting

• Lack of nucleus of DNA, no protein synthesis or mitosis

Blood type determined by…..

Surface glycoproteins and glycolipids ( like an ID for each blood cell)

Cytoskeleton proteins …..

• Spectrin And actin

Give membrane durability and resilience

Stretch and bend as squeezed through small capillaries

Gas transport for blood

Major function

• increased surface area/volume ratio

due to loss of organelles during maturation

• increases diffusion rate of substances

33% of cytoplasm is …

Hemoglobin (Hb) , is a protein inside of erythrocyte

What sticks to Hemaglobin

O2

CAH

Carbonic anhydrase, inside the cytoplasm, inside the Erythrocyte

• Produces carbonic acid from CO2 and water

• important role in gas transport and PH balance

Each Hemoglobin consists of …

4 protein chains

Protein chain for Adult Hb

• 2 alpha chains

• 2 beta chains

Protein chain for fetal Hb

• 2 alpha chains

• 2 gamma chains

needs to get O2 from mothers blood

One hemoglobin can carry up to ____ O2 molecules

4

• 4 protein chains

how many heme are in a hemoglobin

4

what is in the middle of heme

Iron

what does O2 attach directly to

the Fe iron in the middle of heme

what are globins

the protein chains, alpha beta gamma

what do globins bind to …

CO2

RBC count and hemoglobin concentration indicate amount of…..

O2 blood can carry

Hematocrit

Percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBCs

Men more/les RBC count than women

More

• higher testerone

• women have menstrual cycles losing blood

• hematocrit is protioned to percentage of body fat

Erythropoiesis

RBC production

____ RBCs are produced per second

1 million

average lifespan of erythrocyte….

about 120 days

Development for erythrocyte … (time and what happens )

take 3 -5 days

• reduction in cell size, increase in cell number, synthesis hemoglobin and loss of nucleus

Erythropoietin EPO

Is a hormone made from kidneys

• It travels to bone marrow and stimulates RBC production

Low oxygen → kidneys detect → kidneys release EPO → Bone marrow makes more RBSs → More RBCs → More oxygen can be carried

Erythroblasts…

Multiple and synthesize hemoglobin

What difference of erythropoiesis and hematopoiesis

• Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) = making ALL types of blood cells
  → RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

• Erythropoiesis = making ONLY red blood cells (erythrocytes).

Key nutritional requirement …..

Iron (Fe)

Iron is lost daily through….

Urine, feces and bleeding

• low absorption rate of iron requires consumption of 5 to 20 mg a day

liver apoferritin

binds to create ferritin for storage of iron

• lower stored iron in blood is less likely of bacterial growth in blood plasma

iron metabolism steps

1. you eat iron food

2. stomach acid oxidizes Fe3 to Fe 2

3. Gastroferrin grabs Fe moves it to small intestine

4. transferrin carries iron in the blood

5. some iron goes to lives and some ferritin stores iron

Erythrocyte homeostasis

• A drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia detected by kidney

• Kidney production of erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow

• RBC count increases in 3 to 4 days

Stimuli for increasing erythropoiesis

• Low levels O2 (hypoxemia)

• High altitude

• Increase in exercise

• Loss of lung tissue in emphysema

Hemolysis

• Breakdown of RBCs

RBCs rupture in narrow channels of spleen and liver

Disposal of RBCs

Macrophages in spleen

• then digest membrane bits

• separate heme from globin

Globins hydrolyze into amino acids ( can be reused)

Iron removed from heme ( can be reused)

Process of Heme recycle/disposal

1. Heme pigment converted to biliverdin (green) in gallbladder

2. Biliverdin converted to bilirubin (yellow)

3. Released into blood plasma (kidneys-yellow urine)

4. Liver removes bilirubin and secretes into bile

5. concentrated in gallbladder

6. released into small intestine

7. bacteria creates urobilinogen (brown feces)

Polycythemia

an excess of RBC

Polycythemia Vera

type of polycythemia , Primary

• a cancer of erythropoietic cell line in the red bone marrow making to many RBCs

• Hematocrit gets to 80%

Secondary polycythemia

• form dehydration, emphysema, high altitude, or physical conditioning

Dangers of Polycythemia

Increased blood volume, pressure, viscosity

• which can lead to embolism, stroke or heart failure