Endocrine System (Vet Tech)

Name hormones that the anterior pituitary secretes

Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Growth Hormone (GH)

helps regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all the body's cell

Prolactin

triggers and maintain lactation

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates growth and development of thyroid gland

The thyroid hormone has _________ effect which helps heat the body.

Calorigenic

What is the Thyroids effect on protein, carbohydrates and lipid metabolism?

encourages anabolism of proteins if the animal's diet has enough energy sources

Where is calcitonin produced?

produced by C cells thats in between the thyroid follicles

Calcitonin

maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels

Calcitonin helps prevent ____________ and how?

hypercalcemia; encourages excess calcium from blood to go into the bones.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

maintain blood calcium homeostasis

Parathyroid Hormone helps prevent _______ and how?

hypocalcemia; effects kidneys by making them retain calcium, intestines by absorbing calcium from food, and bones by withdrawing calcium from them

Name two parts of the adrenal gland

Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla

which hormone from the anterior pituitary gland directs the adrenal cortex to produce hormones?

adrenalcorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

What 3 group of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

Glucocorticoid hormones, Mineralocorticoid hormones, and Sex hormones

What does glucocorticoid hormones do?

effects blood glucose levels (raises glucose levels by breaking down lipids and proteins)

Name examples of glucocorticoid hormones

Cortisone, cortisol, and corticosterone

What does mineralocorticoid hormones do?

regulates level of electrolytes (mineral salts) in the body

Name examples of mineralocorticoid hormones

Aldosterone

Aldosterone

affects levels of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions in the body IN KIDNEYS

Adrenal medulla secretes its hormones directing into the______

bloodstream

Adreanal medulla hormone secreting cells are modified______

neurons

What two hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What controls the hormone secretion of the adrenal medulla?

sympathetic portion of nervous system

Where is the pancreas located?

located near the small intestine (duodenum)

What hormone is secreated by the pancreas?

Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

Pancreas has both _______ and _______ function

exocrine and endocrine

Somatostatin stops the secretion of what two hormones?

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin

causes glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids in the bloodstream to be ABSORBED and be used for energy; lowers glucose level

Glucagon

raises glucose levels

How does glucagon raise glucose levels?

Glucagon stimulates the liver cells and gluconeogenesis (breakdown of fat and protein to make glucose)

What are the hormones that have a hyperglycemic effect?

Glucagon, growing hormone, and glucocorticoid hormones

Why is Insulin essential for life?

It is the only hormone that lowers glucose levels vs there are multiple hormones that raise glucose levels

List all the major endocrine glands

Pituitary gland, parathyroid gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, kidney, pancreas, ovary, testes

Each testis is made up of coiled ______________

seminiferous tubules

Seminiferous tubules

produce spermatozoa

What are the cells called that are located between the seminiferous tubules ?

interstitial cells

Interstitial cells

produce androgen

Luteinizing hormone (LH) is also known as _______ in males

Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

cell and hormone production in male ( in testes) vs females ( in ovaries)

cells and hormones get continuously produced in males, while cell and hormones get produced in cycles in females

The ovarian cycle is controlled by what two anterior pituitary hormones?

FSH and LH

Main hormone produced in testes?

Testosterone

Main hormone produced in ovaries?

Progestin

What hormone gets produced when FSH stimulates follicles in the ovaries?

Estrogen

As the follicle on the ovary grows, what hormone decreases and what hormone increase in the bloodstream?

FSH; LH

How is the Corpus Luteum made?

the cells in the now empty follicle multiply and develop into a solid, hormone producing structure

Corpus luteum produces what type of hormones?

Progestins

What happens to the corpus luteum when animal becomes pregnant?

it receives a hormone signal from the uterus and is maintained in the ovary

What happens to the corpus luteum when animal doesn't becomes pregnant?

there is no hormone signal and it shrinks up and disappears

Name other endocrine organs (accessory endocrine organs?)

Kidneys, stomach, small intestine, placenta, thymus, pineal body, prostaglandins

What hormone does the kidney produce?

erythropoietin

what does erythropoietin stimulate and why?

stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of oxygen carrying red blood cells.

Cells in the stomach produce what hormone?

Gastrin

Gastrin

stimulates gastric glands to secrete hydochloric acid and digestive enzymes

What two hormones are produced in the lining of the small intestine?

secretin and cholecystokinin

secretin

stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid rich in sodium bicarbonate into the duodenum to neutralize acidic chyme

cholecystokinin

stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas into the duodenum

Hormones secreted by the placenta

some estrogen and progesterone; chorionic gonadotropin

Thymus

starts the immune system early in an animal's life and shrinks up and nearly disappears when the animal reaches adulthood.

cell-mediated immunity

part of the immune system that produces killer cells that directly attack foreign invaders

Thymus produces which hormones and what do they do?

thymosin and thymopoietin; they cause primitive cells to transform into T lymphocytes (T cells)

What hormone does the pineal body produce?

Melatonin

What are prostaglandins

hormonelike substances that are derived from unsaturated fatty acids

Which hormone is considered tissue hormones and why?

Prostaglandins; regulates the activities of tissues and organs (only regulates activities of neighbor cells)

The prostaglandin was incorrectly identified as the _________

prostate gland

How is prostaglandin organized?

because it is produced by variety of body tissues, it is organized into 9 main groups. A - I

What effects does prostaglandins have on the body?

influences blood pressure, gastrointestinal tract function, respiratory function, kidney function, blood clotting, inflammation, reproductive function

What two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

oxytocin

causes smooth muscle contraction in uterus and mammary gland

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

helps conserve water by acting on the kidneys to reabsorb more water from urine