General Chemistry 1: Chapters 1 and 2

Review flashcards covering the introductory concepts of General Chemistry, major divisions of chemistry, states and properties of matter, and the classification and separation of mixtures.

What is the definition of Chemistry according to the text?

Chemistry is the study of matter, dealing with its structure, properties, and composition, as well as the transformations matter undergoes and the change in energy accompanying such transformations.

Why is chemistry referred to as the "central science"?

Because a basic understanding of chemistry is essential in the study of all other fields of science, such as Physics, Biology, Earth Science, Ecology, and Environmental Science.

Who is known as the "Father of Modern Chemistry"?

Antoine Lavoisier

According to Antoine Lavoisier, what is an element?

Any substance that could not be decomposed into simpler substances.

What is the study of compounds that do not contain carbon as a central element?

Inorganic Chemistry

Who is considered the "Father of Inorganic Chemistry"?

Alfred Werner

What does Organic Chemistry study?

Carbon-containing compounds and their structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation.

Who is the "Father of Organic Chemistry"?

Friedrich Wöhler

What is the focus of Biochemistry?

Chemical compounds and reactions that occur in living organisms.

Who is recognized as the "Father of Biochemistry"?

Carl Neuberg

What is the primary role of Analytical Chemistry?

It identifies what substances are present in a material and determines how much of each substance is present.

Who is the "Father of Analytical Chemistry"?

Izaak Maurits Kolthoff

Which division of chemistry applies the theories of physics, especially thermodynamics, to chemical systems?

Physical Chemistry

Who is the "Father of Physical Chemistry"?

Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald

What are the five phases of matter mentioned in the notes?

Solid, liquid, gas, Plasma, and Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC).

How is the arrangement and relative motion of particles described in a solid?

Particles are tightly packed with an ordered arrangement and are essentially in a fixed position (vibration).

How is the arrangement and relative motion of particles described in a gas?

Particles have a totally disordered arrangement, are far apart, and have complete freedom of motion.

Which state of matter has a definite volume but an indefinite shape?

Liquid

Which state of matter is highly compressible and has a very low density?

Gas

What is a physical property?

A characteristic that can be observed and measured without changing the identity and composition of the substance.

What is a chemical property?

The ability of a substance to undergo changes to transform into a different substance, describing how it reacts with other substances.

What is the difference between extensive and intensive properties?

Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present (e.g., mass, volume), while intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter (e.g., density, melting point).

How does the text define a compound?

A substance made of different atoms chemically bonded in fixed ratios, such as $H_2O$ or $NaCl$.

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout and the parts are not seen by the naked eye (e.g., air, salt water, brass).

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout and has clearly visible parts (e.g., pizza, tossed salad, soda with ice).

What separation method is best for an insoluble solid and a liquid?

Filtration

What separation method is best for a soluble solid and a liquid?

Evaporation

What separation method is used for mixtures of dissolved substances with different colors, such as inks?

Chromatography

What is simple distillation used for?

Separating a volatile liquid from non-volatile substances in a solution.