Honors Anatomy Unit 2

Integumentary System

• Protects tissues underneath from foreign agents such as bacteria and chemicals

• Regulates body temperature by sweating which cools the body

• Acts as a sense organ through sense receptors

Skeletal System

• Support by providing a rigid framework

• Protection of vital organs

• Movement - through joins and muscles

• Storage of minerals such as calcium

• Hematopoiesis - Blood cell formation

Muscular System

• Movement

• Produce heat

• Maintain posture

Nervous System

• Communication between organs

• Control of body functions

• Recognition of sensory stimuli

• Communicates and controls through nerve impulses which are fast and have short-term effects

Endocrine System

• Secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the blood

• Communicates, integrates, and controls body functions

• Regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction

• Communicates and controls through hormones in the blood which are slow and have long-term effects

Cardiovascular System

• Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and cell waste

• Regulation of body temperature by distributing heat throughout the body

• Immunity - White blood cells contribute to immune system

Lymphatic System

• Transportation of lymph and certain particles that need to be replaced into the blood

• Immune system helps body defend against disease

Respiratory System

• Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen

• Filtration of irritants from inhaled air

Digestive System

• Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

• Absorption of nutrients

• Elimination of waste products through feces

Urinary System

• Cleans blood of waste product in the form of urine

• Maintains water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance in the body

Reproductive Systems

• Survival of the species

• Production of sex (gametes)

• Female - ovum

• Male - sperm

• Transfer and fertilization of sex cells

Health

Physical, mental, and social well-being

Disease

An abnormality in body function that threatens health or homeostasis

Sign

Objective abnormality; can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient

Symptoms

Subjective abnormality; can only be felt by the patient

Acute

Develops quickly and persists for a short time

Chronic

Develops slowly and persists for a long time

Remission

Temporary recovery from signs and symptoms

Diagnosis

Identifying a disease based on signs and symptoms, medical history, and testing

Prognosis

Likely or predicted outcome of the disease

Genetic Mechanism

An altered or mutated gene causes abnormal protein production. This results in loss of function in the body

Infectious Mechanism

• Pathogenic organism invades the body

• Some are communicable - Can be transmitted from one person to another

• Some can be prevented through vaccines - a killed or weakened pathogen that is given to stimulate immunity to a disease

Neoplastic Mechanism

• Neoplasms - Abnormal tissue growth; tumors

• Not all tumors are cancerous

Traumatic Mechanism

Chemical, environmental, physical, and mechanical causes

Metabolic Mechanism

• Malnutrition or endocrine imbalances

• Too much or too little of hormones or nutrition

Autoimmunity

Immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues or overreacts

Inflammation

• Inflammatory response is normal reaction of body to infection or injury

• Can last too long or be abnormal

Degeneration

• Tissues break down

• Usually as a result of aging

Virus

• Reproduces in a host’s cells

• Contains own genetic code, but not a living thing

• Symptoms may not appear right away

• Cannot cure

• May build antibodies

Antivirals

Don’t prevent disease, but can slow down the production of it

Bacteria

• All throughout the body

• Living thing - can reproduce on their own

• Produces disease by disrupting body functions or secreting toxins that damage tissue

Antibiotics

• Can treat bacterial infections

• Works for a specific bacteria

• Bacteria can become resistant

Fungi

• Living organisms, including molds and yeasts

• Reproduce through spores that make skin contact or are inhaled

• Most commonly affects the skin

• Can treat with OTC antifungal meds

Tumors/neoplasms

An abnormal growth of cells

Benign Tumors

• Non-cancerous

• Grow slowly

• Cells stay together in tissue

• Remain localized

• Usually not life threatening unless disrupting body functions

Malignant Tumors

• Cancerous

• Grow quickly

• Cells don’t stay together in tissue

• Tumor spreads

  • Cells separate from original site to invade and replace nearby healthy tissues

Matastasis

Cells enter bloodstream or lymphatic vessels and move to different part of body

Oncogenes

“Cancer genes” or genetic factors

Carcinogens

“Cancer makers” or chemicals that affect genetic activity

Environment (Cause of cancer)

Exposure to damaging types of radiation or chemicals

Viruses (Cause of cancer)

Viruses affect genetic makeup

Biopsy

The removal and analysis of living tissue

Blood test

Looks for tumor markers that cancers make

Tumor markers

Proteins that cancers make

Mammogram

X-ray picture of the breast

Computed Tomography Scan (CT or CAT Scan)

Computer analyzes cross sectional x-rays of body to create 3D images

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Uses radio waves passing through a magnetic field to create 3D image of body

Ultrasound

Sound waves used to create a sonogram

Chemotherapy

• Use of chemicals to destroy fast growing cells

• Systemic - goes through the whole body

Radiation therapy

• Use of high dose of radiation to kill cells

• Localized to affected area

Anti

Against, opposite

Auto

Self

Mal

Bad

Neo

New

Sono

Sound

Gram

Record or picture

Oma

Tumor

Plasm

Formation or structure

Carcin

Cancer

Chem

Chemical or drug

Hem, Hemat

Blood

Mamm

Breast

Onc

Tumor or cancer