Antimicrobials

enzymes that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics

What is beta lactamase?

-cycline

What suffix do tetracyclines have?

bacteriostatic

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

oxtetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline

What are different forms of tetracyclines?

doxycycline

Which tetracycline drug is well absorbed in the gut and works best when used for IM injections?

Minocycline

Which tetracycline is well absorbed in the gut and has good levels in the CNS and eye?

broad spectrum (both)

What type of bacteria do tetracyclines work for?

Tetracyclines

What group of drugs can be used for rickettsial diseases like Ehrlichiosis, Hemobartonella, and Lyme disease?

Tetracyclines

What group of medications work on mycoplasma?

don’t give IV in horses; will cause diarrhea, don’t give with calcium, affects bone development, painful when given IM

What are the side effects of Tetracyclines?

bacteriostatic at low doses and bacteriocidal at high doses

Are Florfenicols bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

causes aplastic anemia in humans

Why are Florfenicols only able to be used in small animals/non-food producing animals?

Resflor Gold

What medication is a mixture of florfenicol and banamine that is typically used in horses?

lincomycin and clindamycin

What are some examples of Lincosamides?

either depending on the concentration

Are Lincosamides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

rabbits, hamsters, guinea pigs, horses, ruminants, because it causes serious GI upset

In what animals can you not use lincosamides in and why?

bacteriostatic

Are Macrolides bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

Tilmicosin Phosphate AKA Micotil

What medication is fatal to monogastrics in the smallest amounts and has no antidotes?

Tilmicosin Phosphate, Erythromycin, Tylosin

What are some examples of macrolides?

mostly broad spectrum, doesn’t work well on anaerobic bacteria and Pseudomonas

What types of bacteria do Spectinomycins work on?

kidneys

What organ excretes spectinomycins?

Spectinomycins

What drug group causes swelling if given SQ?

rabbits, swine, birds

In what species should you give Spectinomycins PO to?

cattle and birds

In what species should you give Spectinomycins SQ to?

topical and ophthalmic

How should Polymyxin B and Bacitracins be given?

nephrotoxic

What are the side effects of Polymyxin B and Bacitracin?

Nitrofurazone

What is the most common drug in the Nitrofurans group?

gi disturbances, peripheral neuropathies, pulmonary hypersensitivity reactions, and hepatopathy

What are the side effects of Nitrofurans?

bacteriocidal

Are Nitrofurans bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

food animals

In what type of animals should you not use Nitrofurans in?

foal pneumonia

What is Rifampin used for?

red-orange urine

What is the most obvious side effect of Rifampin?

liver

Where are Penicillins metabolized at?

unchanged by the kidneys

How are Penicillins excreted?

bacteriocidal

Are Penicillins bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

gram +

What type of bacteria do penicillins treat?

skin rash, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, can destroy normal flora

What are the side effects of Penicillins?

snakes, birds, turtles, and chinchillas

In what species’ should you use caution with Penicillins in?

cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, floxacillin, methicillin

What penicillins are beta-lactamase resistant?

ampicillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin, carbencillin, ticarcillin

Which penicillins are considered broad spectrum?

generations

How are cephalosporins and quinolones classified?

bacteriocidal

Are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

aminoglycosides

What class of drugs renders cephalosporins useless when used together?

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

What are the side effects of cephalosporins?

cefazolin and cephalexin

What are some examples of 1st generation cephalosporins?

gram +

Do first generation cephalosporins work on gram + bacteria, gram - bacteria, or are they broad spectrum?

Cefazolin

Which 1st generation cephalosporin should be given slowly?

prophylactic infection prior to opening bone and every 90 minutes which bone is open

How is cefazolin commonly used in veterinary medicine?

gram + cocci

Do second generation cephalosporins work on gram + bacteria, gram - bacteria, or are they broad spectrum?

Cefaclor and Cefprozil

Which second generation cephalosporin will treat beta-lactamase resistant bacteria?

gram +

Do third generation cephalosporins work on gram + bacteria, gram - bacteria, or are they broad spectrum?

ceftiofur and cefpodoxime

What are examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins?

ceftiofur

Which third generation cephalosporin is used in large animals?

cefpodoxime

Which third generation cephalosporin is used in small animals?

both gram - and gram +

Do fourth generation cephalosporins work on gram + bacteria, gram - bacteria, or are they broad spectrum?

cefepime

What is an example of 4th generation cephalosporins?

kidneys

How are aminoglycosides excreted?

mix any antibiotics in same syringe to minimize pokes to patient

What should you never do when preparing antibiotics?

bacteriostatic

Are aminoglycosides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

nephrotoxic and ototoxic

What are some side effects of Aminoglycosides?

anaerobic bacteria and gram - bacteria

What types of bacteria do Aminoglycosides work well on?

Gentamycin, neomycin

What are some examples of Aminoglycosides?

streptinomycin

Which drug in the aminoglycoside class is special?

80% unchanged by the kidney

How is Spectinomycin excreted?

calves with scours

How is spectinomycin commonly used?

enrofloxacin, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

What are some examples of 2nd generation quinolones?

orbifloxacin

What is an example of 3rd generation quinolones?

pradofloxacin

What is an example of 4th generation quinolones?

impain DNA gyrase

How do quinolones work?

80%

How much of 2nd and 3rd generation quinolones are absorbed in the body?

10-40%

How much of Enrofloxacin is converted to ciprofloxacin within the body?

deep and superficial pyodermas, urogenital infections

When do you see high levels of quinolones?

most excreted unchanged in urine

How are quinolones excreted?

somewhat broad spectrum but gram - in nature

Do Quinolones work on gram + bacteria, gram - bacteria, or are they broad spectrum?

gi upset, cartilage deformities and joint growth disorder, acute diffuse retinal degeneration in cats

What are the side effects of Quinolones?

5mg/kg/day

How much can cats have of quinolones per day?

magnesium and calcium

What do quinolones bind to?

antacids or sulcralfate

What shouldn’t you give quinolones with?

e coli and staphylococcus

What bacteria are we seeing resistance against quinolones in?

difloxacin

Which quinolone is not commonly used?

80% in feces

How much of Difloxacin is eliminated?

renal disease patients, liver and gall bladder infections, osteomyelitis

When is difloxacin a good choice of medication?

cats

When can you not use difloxacin?

Baytril

What is another name for Enrofloxacin?

bile, liver, lungs, and repro organs, UTI, prostatitis, hepatitis, and pneumonia, pyoderma and osteomyelitis

When are good concentrations of enrofloxacin achieved?

liver

Where is Enrofloxacin mainly metabolized?

40% in urine

How much of Marbofloxacin is excreted?

10-15%

How much of Marbofloxacin is metabolized by the liver?

UTI and pyoderma

What is Marbofloxacin good for?

40%

How much of Orbifloxacin is excreted through the kidneys?

once a day oral suspension

What is one nice thing about administering orbifloxacin?

Veraflox

What is a trade name for Pradofloxacin?

wound infections, superficial/deep pyoderma, UTI, gingival, and periodontal infections, acute upper respiratory infections

What is Veraflox/Pradofloxacin good for?

enhanced gram + activity

What type of bacteria does Pradofloxacin work against?