Canadian history chapter 1 grade 11

first peoples

the inhabitant at NA priors to EU contact; includes many diverse groups of FN and Inuit peoples

who were the first peoples

all of Canada's First Nations and Inuit

around 1600s how many languages and language groups amongst Canada

50 FN languages and 12 language families

how many years of history before European contact

1000s of years

oral history is vital to

continuity of cultures, need to be passed down carefully and told with precision

different cultures stories and creation stories in FN Canada may

be similar

oral tradition helps to

pass on/teach cultural values and ethics
pass on/teach history (education)
entertain
explain how to live in their environment
reveal connection to the land
explain origins

most creation stories reveal that

special beings link humans to the rest of creation

inuit

FN people who live above the tree line in Nunavut

language families

a group of languages that likely evolved from a common language

dialects

variations of a language used by groups of speakers who are often regionally or socially based dialects

oral tradition

knowledge that is passed from one generation too the next by way of the spoken word

treaty

a formed agreement between sovereign nations an agreement between specific groups of FN and fed government that clarifies aboriginal rights to land and resources, treaties are written to have the government recognize its responsibilities toward FN people in areas of social educational and economic

worldview

set of values, beliefs, and assumptions bout the world and how it works

holistic

emphasizing the interdependence of parts of a whole belief that the whole is more important than any single part

egalitarian

promoting human equality especially with respect to social, political, and economic rights and privileges

cultural differentiation

differences between cultures that make one group distinguishable from another

how long was the land bridge to Alaska

1500 km wide

how long ago did the people cross the land bridge

25,000-12,000 years ago

how long until the people that came across the land bridge ended up at the tip of South America

1000 years

clovis model

The traditional theory for the peopling in the Americas based on the presence of a particular form of projectile points.

3 questions left unanswered by the Clovis model

1.pre-clovis sites (Monteverde in Chile predates Clovis by 1000 years questioning how humans arrived earlier than the Clovis timeline suggests
2. missing artifacts in Siberia and Alaska Clovis style tools are expected to be found but are missing
3. genetic and linguistic anomalies DNA and linguistic studies show evidence of earlier migrations having some indigenous lineages with no asian origin

some medicine wheels were as old as

4000 BC

the largest and oldest called bighorn medicine wheel could be

millions of years old

the name medicine wheel was made by

non native Americans

colours in the medicine wheel

black, white, red, and yellow

the three sisters

corn, beans, squash

wampum

Belts or strings of polished seashells that were used for trading gift-giving by Iroquois & other Native Americans

worldview is influenced by

life experiences
new information and ideas
traditions/culture
religion or spirituality

in plains FN hunter gatherers believed

animals participated in the hunt to sacrifice so they would use as much of the animal as possible take no more than what was needed and prayed for them.

what type of voting would FN use

consensus

importance of trade

beneficial to both parties, trading minerals or goods, social event, could last weeks, marriages, alliances

the Blackfoot confederacy had how many nations and what were their names and where were they

3, blood peigan, Blackfoot in southern Alberta

Haudenosaunee confederacy was made in

1142

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. ONE OF THE FIRST EVER TREATIES

how many groups in arctic

8

what language spoke in Arctic

Inuktitut

how would arctic use whales

to make houses with sod and opening below ground to keep drafts out

cultural symbols of arctic

wooden masks, clothing form caribou, sun goggles, throat singing

food in arctic

originally bowhead whales but after, seal, caribou, fish walrus, bird eggs, shellfish and berries

society/government in arctic

50 people per village and few formal rules

arctic religions then and now

then: polytheist, with shaman now christian

interior plateau different types of houses

3: semisubterranean pit house, tule mat lodge, and tipi

interior plateau tribal places

sweat lodges for men and menstrual isolation place for women both used to transition to adulthood

Great Plains nations

Blackfoot, cree, Assiniboine, sioux

what was the main resource in Great Plains

bison

shelter of Great Plains

tipi for nomadic living

what animals did Great Plains use a lot

horses for hunting and travel

cultural symbols of northeast forest

wampum belts for communication and recording treaties

why would the northeast forest FN people be considered the wealthiest

they were the most advanced and had the most resources and didn't need to be super nomadic as their climate as relatively not bad