APUSH Readings 1.1 -2.4

American Southwest

they relied on agriculture and maize cultivation more than hunting for food. They had complex urban settlements from large stone and adobe structures. They used irrigation systems and could number in some cases in the thousands.

American Northwest

They were resource rich, sedentary communities. They had sophisticated methods of hunting/fishing with some foraging. They were fixed settlements with only very rare fighting and had a class system.

Great Basin and Great Plains

They were moving settlements that relied on large and migratory game like Buffalo. They were small scattered groups and used every bit of the animal animal they killed.

American Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard

They use multi patterns like maize, beans, squash, etc., with more permanent villages. They were small communities, but had efficient use of resources.

Similarities across regions

1. They were self-governing bodies that made hierarchies and settlements by themselves

2. They get food by themselves through common methods like hunting, foraging or agriculture.

Which new world goods became a staple of Europe and African Diets

Potatos and corn

What did new foods enable?

Population growth

What old world transplants thrived in central and South America? What did this lead to?

Transplants like sugar and coffee thrived which led to cash crops that relied on human labor to produce.

What were the results of the Spanish accumulation of gold and silver?

There was a shift from feudalism to capitalism

Describe other reasons for Spanish expansion

They like to spread Catholicism, to be better than other countries by getting more land and resources, and they want to get more precious metals

How did the introduction of cattle and horses impact indigenous culture?

They are nomadic culture quickly use the horses to increase hunting grounds and increase mobility specifically in the great basin and great Plains.

Describe the effect of European diseases on indigenous populations

The diseases of smallpox and yellow fever reach the Native Americans killing as much as 90% in a century.

Encomienda system

The encomienda system granted colonists, the right to labor of native Americans in exchange for providing their food, shelter and Christianizing them. It was like slavery.

Bartholome de las casas

He was a missionary that voice protest that the encomienda system

1680 pueblo revolt

The native Americans revolted against the encomienda system and their new way of life.

Describe the events leading up to the importation of African slaves to the new world

The ecomienda system was introduced because of the need for labor and to get the resources needed. It also was needed because of the crash crops brought about by coffee and sugar. The native American revolted so they brought Africans to do more labor and get more resources.

what made new world slavery different from earlier African and Arab practices

The scale of a slave trade was much bigger than any other. It had permanency and bias and race.

Identify two ways they belied the Native American and European cultures in cultural syncretism

The blended Christianity by spreading it to the Native Americans and Africans. Also, Africans managed to keep some of their culture and included while still being slaves.

Describe the results of the treaty of tordesillas

A line of demarcation was drawn between Spain and Portugal. Other than nations didn’t take it seriously however because the pope made it and both Spain and Portugal were Catholic, they took the line very seriously.

What was Spain’s initial goal and exploring the Americas? What caused them to take interest in establishing permanent settlements?

They wanted precious metals

What was the first permanent settlement in Spain? When was established?

Saint Augustine, Florida was established in 1565

Describe the goals of settlements in the Americas

They wanted to establish a mercantilist policy that would reserve Spain they rewards/resources of the New World

The Spain economic benefit from colonization declined describe the causes of this decline

Causes of the decline or increased pressure from other imperial nations, domestic problems in Spain (expense of maintaining colonies), the Pueblo revolt, and military expenses.

What was the results of Spain’s decline in its remaining colonies?

It was made a second power and had to dominate the culture of the Native Americans

Where did the Dutch establish the colony of Netherlands?

Hudson River, New York

What did the Dutch French hop to exploit for a while and North America?

The fur trade

How did the Dutch settlers go to North America? Was it a successful strategy?

Use ships, large tax land, given in return for settling. This was not a very successful strategy to get new settlers as no one wanted to go and have to take care of their own land.

How did the French settlements in North America differ from the Spanish settlements?

They were in quarter climates like Quebec. There was also less incentive to immigrate there.

Describe the French interactions with indigenous people

The allied with two tribes, the Algonquin and Huron to fight the Iroquois. However, they still spread their diseases to them.

By the 18th century, what was the extent of the French Empire in North America?

They settled in the Mississippi valley all the way to New Mexico and South Dakota.

What was the consequence of French settlement in regard to English colonies?

They were restricted to territory east of the Appalachian mountains

Describe the reason for the loss of territory to the British during the 1700s

The French lost the war of Spanish succession so they had to give land to Britain. They also lost a French and Indian war, losing even more.

describe salutary neglect

In the years from 6050 to the end of the French and Indian war in 1763 Americans were left alone to develop their economy without serious intervention

Why do historians question the view of salutary neglect?

Because mercantilism was the prevailing economic system, one that emphasizes and that nations economic power by controlling currency. Britain viewed them as an investment.

Why didn’t colonist challenge mental policies?

They were difficult to implement and infrequently enforced

The navigation laws

Series of strict British trade policies designed to promote English shipping and control colonial trade and regard to important crops and resources shipped exclusively to British ships. In order for the Americas they had to stop in England. Not enforced by Britain

The wool, hat, and iron acts

Intended to subordinate American capital to British capital by preventing American businessman from turning raw materials into finished commodities. This prevented Americans from turning beaver, pelt into hats and selling them on the open market, they had to be sold to England first, making them lose money.

The molasses act

Essential sweetener component for rum, a popular beverage this was a regulation, which was not enforced

Paxton boys revolt

Paxton boys attacked Native Americans, who they thought were part of ponitac’s rebellion. The Paxton boys went to the city to demand funding to support their defense needs on the frontier. Benjamin Franklin convinced them aid was coming and they went home.

Bacon’s Rebellion

William Berkeley focus of discontent because he focused on Virginia’s wealthier people. The Virginians’s led by Nathaniel Bacon attacked the Native Americans for land. Berkeley organized troops on bacon after promising reforms. Bacon and his men responded by marching into Jamestown and burning it. Bacon died randomly in the revolt ended.

What do the events above illustrate about colonial society and British and North America? How would Bacons rebellion he in the move toward an increased reliance on enslaved Americans?

It shows governments favored the aristocracy over the needs of the masses. It started the move away from indentured servants, and toward the reliance of African slaves.

What events led to the English catching up with other European imperial powers and exploring the New World?

They settled the divide between the protestants and Catholics created by King Henry the eighth when he split from the Catholic Church

What did the English when they sailed west?

They wanted to find new materials for their joint company to benefit from. Also, Rob materials like gold and silver for mercantilism

What role did joint companies play in English settlement?

They sent ships to explore for raw and new materials to sell to gain money

Jamestown

England first permanent colony that relied on a lot on their motherland until they successfully cultivated tobacco to make money and support themselves. In 1676 Jamestown was burned to the ground during conflict between frontier men and the governor. Created by the Virginia Company.

Plymouth

Established for religious separatist seeking autonomy from the church of England. In 1620 they sailed on the mayflower. When they landed, they created the mayflower compact, that was self-governing, later became part of the Massachusetts colony.

Massachusetts Bay Company

Sorted in 1630, home to many Puritans. Under the Calvinist leader, John Winthrop they developed a theocracy with the church paramount in all decisions. They had a representative government.

Other New England colonies

Connecticut: for trade in Connecticut River Valley. Religion less important than riches. First to write a constitution

New Hampshire and Maine: created by two Englishman both became a part of Massachusetts.

Rodger Williams: kicked out of Massachusetts because he wanted religious freedom. He created Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchison: religious refugees like Anne found their way to Rhode Island with Williams to get religious freedom.

Middle colonies

New York: English colony through conquest, beat Holland owned by Duke of York

New Jersey: also belong to the Duke of York, but parts transferred to Nobles in 1702. It was unified and granted Royal charter.

Delaware: taken from Sweden by Dutch lost to English. Also owned by the Duke Pennsylvania purchased Delaware to not be landlocked.

The southern Chesapeake Bay colonies

Virginia economic powerhouse. Maryland a Catholic refugee spot Given to Lord Baltimore. he gave people place to stay in exchange for a loyalty. Republican thoughts seemed in and became a bicameral government. There was a fight between Catholics and protestants.

Describe the way in which the diverse English colonies in North America were similar

They see him prove economic, or political status, and religious autonomy. To convert natives to Christianity. Heritage and challenges.

Aleuts, Chinnook, Tlingit, First peoples of California

Northwest and California

hohokam, Pueblo, Zuni

Southwestern

Apache, Comanche, Shoshone, Ute, Pawnee

Great Basin and Great Plains

Lenape/ Delaware, Cahokia, Haudenosuanee, Hopewell

Northeast