Biology 1101 Final Exam

What are three ways that biology affects your personal life?

Diseases and ways to treat them, aging, cancer, diet, exercise, injuries, end-of-life choices, etc..

What is the process of taking in energy and matter and using it for responsiveness, survival, and reproduction?

Metabolism

What is the effect of evolution on species?

The effect is species adaptations

What is the reason for inheritance and reproduction being required for life?

To pass on DNA; survival of the fittest, the ability for offspring to produce allows species to continue to evolve

What are the four macromolecules?

Nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats

What is the function of the cell membrane?

to provide protection and regulate what comes in and out of the cell

What is the difference between reactive and inert atoms?

Reactive atoms have vacancies and need electrons. Inert atoms have a full outer orbital and do not need more electrons. 

The molecule that enzymes bind to are called…

Substrate

What is evolution?

Change over time

What were Darwin’s 3 observations?

Variability, inheritance, and many offspring die before reaching sexual maturity 

What is the relationship of telomerase to telomeres on cancer cells?

Telomerase activity/rate is increased which causes increased rebuilding of DNA; prevents telomeres from getting shorter

“What is the difference between “small-scale” and “large scale” evolution?

“Small-scale” is fast evolution, “larger-scale” is slow evolution

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A gene is what contains a trait, while an allele is a form of the gene

List the steps of the scientific method and explain the characteristics of a hypothesis.

Observations, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, interpretation/conclusion; a hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable, and is also narrow and cannot be modified

Why are experiments repeated?

For accuracy and consistency; also for verification and retesting if there is an error

Are theories and hypothesis different? Why?

Theories are broad and can be modified, while hypothesis cannot be modified and are narrow

What is empirical evidence?

Non-arguable evidence; fact

What are two characteristics of pseudoscience?

No empirical evidence, no new knowledge, not repeatable, not applicable…

How is childbed fever generalized?

Semmelweis's experiment supported the germ theory, indicating that bacteria spreading in hospital divisions were the main cause of the high death rate.

Science is based on ______ rather than on opinion or belief. Scientists are interested in the ______ of their work and how it applies to situations other than the one being tested. 

Evidence; generality

What is the cell theory?

All life is composed of at least one cell.

What aspect of the cell membrane allows it to keep water out of the cell?

Being composed of lipids - they are hydrophobic.

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

Contains enzymes that sort proteins, Receives proteins from RER, modifies/tweaks proteins

Explain the theory of endosymbiosis.

It suggests that a big prokaryotic cell ate a smaller prokaryotic cell, hung onto the prokaryote of the mitochondria.

What type of cell is produced during mitosis?

Somatic

What type of cell is produced during meiosis?

Gametes

What is a homologue?

A paternal or maternal single chromosome.

What phase occurs in both Meiosis and Mitosis that results in dna synthesis?

Interphase

What phases create genetic diversity?

Prophase I (Crossing over) and Metaphase I (Independent assortment)

What does cleavage form?

The embryo

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are created during…?

Gastrulation

Name one effect of the environment on the fetus.

Fetal alcohol syndrome, thalidomide, and endocrine disruptors

What helps us learn how to swallow as a fetus?

Amnion

What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

A benign tumor is non-cancerous and doesn't spread to other parts of the body. A malignant tumor is cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body, leading to metastasis.

Angiogenesis benefits a tumor by…

Recruiting nutrients and oxygen to tumor

What is the difference between the M phase and the M checkpoint?

M phase is the period of cell life when mitosis occurs M checkpoint checks if spindle fibers are attached to centromeres of sister chromatids

Where does the signal transducer go to relay information through cell?

The nucleus

What genes does a cancer cell have that normal cells do not have?

Oncogenes and mutated tumor suppressor genes

Name a tissue that can become cancerous with heavy alcohol use.

Liver, throat, and esophagus

What two things can a chromosomal abnormality create?

Oncogene and tumor suppressor gene