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French and Indian War
British colonists worried about French encroachment on their soil, and likewise
Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin’s proposed idea for a more centralized plan of government in the colonies for coordinated effort of defense
Royal Proclamation of 1763
forbade colonists from taking land West of Appalachian Mountains after the war
Quartering Act of 1765
imperial troops remained in the colonies to enforce laws and colonists were responsible for housing/feeding them
Sugar Act
taxed coffee, wine, and molasses
Stamp Act
tax on all paper items
Taxation without representation
colonists sentiment that the imposed taxes were unfair because they had no representation in the law-making body of parliament
Virtual Representation
parliament’s counterargument that colonists were represented in parliament because parliament officials represented different classes of British citizens
Stamp Act Congress
petition to parliament to repeal Stamp Act because taxation without representation was tyranny (parliament did repeal the Stamp Act)
Declaratory Act
parliament could pass any law in the colonies they wanted to
Townshend Acts
1767, new taxes on imports to the colonies which made smuggling items more difficult
Boston Massacre
colonists harassing troops, shots went off leaving 11 colonists injured and 4 dead
Boston Tea Party
response to the Tea Act, colonists dressed as natives and dumped 45 tons of tea into the Boston harbor
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
closed down Boston harbor until damaged tea had been payed for, reinforcement of Quartering Acts
1st Continental Congress
1774, colonies convened to discuss the need to resist violation of liberty while staying British subjects
2nd Continental Congress
1776, independence was only way for the nation to thrive
Common Sense
Thomas Paine argued and convinced many commoners of the need to become independent
Declaration of Independence
signed July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote and included many sentiments of The Enlightenment
Battle of Saratoga
1777, Patriot victory that convinced the French to ally with America
Battle of Yorktown
British lacked the resources to continue the war, surrendered in 1781
Articles of Confederation
borrowed from state legislation, ratified in 1781 and became first U.S. government Constitution. All power in federal government was given to the legislative and the federal government could not impose taxes
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
congress regulated Western territory which proved a plan for unoccupied territory and abolished slavery in West
Shay’s Rebellion
Daniel Shay led a group of poor farmers militia who fought in the war and acquired unpayable debt, quickly crushed but proved weakness of Articles
Constitutional Convention
1787, planned to revise Articles, but actually created a new constitution
Federalists
wanted stronger central government
Anti-Federalists
in favor of limited federal power
Virginia Plan
representation by population favored the bigger states
New Jersey Plan
equal representation no matter population size favored smaller states
The Great Compromise
created a Bicameral Conress= House of Reps. population based & Senate every state had 2 votes
3/5 Compromise
3/5 population of enslaved people in a Southern State was counted toward the state’s population
Republican Motherhood
women could influence politics by raising virtuous, patriotic sons
Elastic Clause
congress can make any law which is necessary and proper to carry out responsibilities, applied to National Bank
Whiskey Rebellion
tax on whiskey angered farmers who attacked tax collectors, this time President could send in militias because of ratified Constitution
Democratic-Republicans
thought Hamilton’s plans were federal overreach
XYZ Affair
Adams sent US delegates to meet with French delegates to work out agreement that protected US ships, instead the delegates demanded a bribe to even discuss
Alien & Sedition Acts
made it easy to deport non-citizens (Irish/Scottish) and you could not publicly criticize the government
Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
Dem-Repubs said any law passed by federal government that was unconstitutional could be nullified by the states
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
regulated settler and natives interactions/dealings but settlers who kept moving west ignored this act, aggravating native and British relations
Pinckney Treaty
deemed the 31st parallel as the border between US and Spain
