Portage Nutrition BIOD 121 Exam 2

Which type of diffusion can move substances down concentration gradients utilizing a transporter?

Facilitated diffusion

Esophagus

passageway for food

stomach

hold volume of food and mechanically and chemically digest it

small intestine

site of digestion and absorption

large intestine

reabsorbs water and some vitamins

rectum

passes undigested foodstuffs from the body

Salivary glands

releases saliva containing enzymes

liver

produces bile to breakdown fats

Gallbladder

stores bile produced by the liver to be released into the intestine to digest fats

pancreas

release digestive enzymes to chemically digest food

Accessory GI organs

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

True or False. If false, explain why it is false.

Intrinsic factor is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed.

True

heartburn

gastric acid enters the esophagus damaging the epithelial lining

diarrhea

loose watery and frequent stool

diverticulosis

small pouches that push out through weak spots in the colon that can become inflamed

Irritable bowel syndrome

associated with bloating, abdominal pains, cramps, diarrhea, or constipation

Peptic ulcer

sores that develop along the GI tract triggered by H. Pylori, NSAIDs, stress or smoking

List 1 dietary treatment for heartburn:

Possible answers:

eating smaller meals that are low in fat,

chewing food well,

avoiding overeating, and limiting coffee, tea, alcohol and certain spices

waiting 2 hours after a meal before lying down

sleep with the head of the bed elevated

List a dietary treatment for diarrhea.

Treatment usually requires increased fluid consumption to prevent dehydration. A diet of broth, tea, toast, and low fiber foods should be consumed, as tolerated.

Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation?

The pancreas influences blood sugar regulation

Excess glucose is stored as glycogen

Hormones are responsible for control

High blood sugar is called hyperglycemia

Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels

Glucagon helps to lower blood sugar levels

The monomer (single unit that can be absorbed) proteins are digested into

amino acids

____ is the sugar found in milk

lactose

____is the sugar found in table sugar

sucrose

____ is the sweetest tasting sugar

fructose

____ is the sugar rarely found in food but is used in the liquor industry

maltose

Compare and contrast insoluble, and soluble fiber.

Both fiber forms are complex carbohydrates that are necessary for intestinal health. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve water and is not broken down by intestinal bacteria. It functions to increase stool mass and speed passage through the large intestine. In contrast, soluble fiber dissolves in water, and is broken down by intestinal bacteria. It helps to slow glucose absorption and fat (thus, lowering cholesterol) and provides satiety to a meal.

Which enzyme primarily digests starch?

amylase

Proteins provide ___ kcal of energy/gram.

4

The process of gluconeogenesis is when the body converts ________ into glucose for fuel. (select all that may apply):

Ketones

Tissue

Lipid

Carbohydrate

Protein

protein

True or false. If false, explain why it is false.

Low blood sugar levels are referred to as hypoglycemia.

true

Compare and contrast type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Include cause, on-set, symptoms and treatment in your answer.

In both type 1 and 2 diabetes blood glucose levels are high, or there is hyperglycemia, so both also have similar symptoms (excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss and ketosis).

Causes, treatment and time of onset are different between type 1 and 2 diabetes:

-Type 1 is when the pancreas doesn't make any insulin, treatment is exogenous insulin and generally has onset in childhood-early adulthood and is rarer than type 2.

-Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance or when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin, treatment includes insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs, it is linked to being overweight/diet, and generally has an onset in adulthood

What is the definition of an essential amino acid?

Essential amino acids are 9 amino acids that we must consume through the diet as our bodies cannot naturally synthesize them.

What term describes the state when protein intake is equivalent to the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

Hillary is having her diet evaluated. She commonly will only eat 1 item. Like a bowl of rice, or some green lentils. As it pertains to proteins, explain to Hillary the difference between complete and incomplete proteins. Would her way of eating introduce complementary proteins into her meal?

Complete proteins are derived from animals and contain all essential amino acids. Other than a few exceptions, plants provide incomplete proteins where more than 1 essential amino acid is lacking.

Example of complete protein: Any animal product, soy, quinoa and buckwheat

Example of incomplete protein: plants (except soy, quinoa and buckwheat)

Complete proteins are proteins that have all 9 essential amino acids, these typically come in the form of animal meat or products. Incomplete proteins are proteins that are missing at least one of the essential amino acids. Her way of eating would not introduce complementary proteins, because she would need to eat at least 2 plant protein items.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false.

The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the oxygen units together.

False: The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the carbon units together.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false.

The '3' and '6' in omega 3 and omega 6 refer to the placement of the first carbon-carbon double bond. in the fatty acid.

true

Chylomicron

transport dietary fat from the intestine to the cells

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

delivers lipids to the cells

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

delivers cholesterol to the cells

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

pick up cholesterol from the cells

Describe why LDL is considered a marker of cardiovascular health. Explain where it is made, it's main components and function in your answer.

LDL is a remnant of VLDL that forms in the blood as VLDL loses its triglyceride content, it is mostly made of cholesterol and some triglyceride, and it's function is to transport cholesterol to the body's cells. Since it is already full of cholesterol, high levels indicate poor cardiovascular health as the excess cholesterol builds up in arteries.

What is atherosclerosis (make sure to address lipoprotein associated with the disease)?

Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaques block blood flow in the arteries (leading to heart attacks, strokes and high blood pressure.. One of its causes is high levels of LDL, which can deposit cholesterol in the arteries leading to the plaque formation.

You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A baby presents with edema in the legs and abdomen, mild weight loss, and his grandmother reports he is listless and fatigued. He was recently weaned and now obtains most of his calories from a powdered grain supplement. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering from?

Kwashiorkor

True or false. If false, explain why it is false.

Foods that are often high in starch are not good sources of fiber.

FALSE: Foods that are often high in starch are also a good source of fiber.

OR

Foods that are often high in animal protein, fats, refined flours, etc. are not a good source of fiber.

The pancreas plays a role in blood sugar regulation. For (A) the fasting, and (B) the fed states, list the hormones the pancreas releases and their effect on blood glucose

(A) Fasting - pancreas releases glucagon, which breaks down glycogen stores to increase blood glucose levels

(B) Fed - pancreas releases insulin, which increases cellular uptake of glucose, lowering blood glucose levels.

Jill says she eats plant-based foods only. She eats "eggs" made of mung beans and "burgers" made of pea protein. What type of diet is this considered?

vegan

Which macromolecule type plays a role in giving structure, providing movement, and is a form of hormones and enzymes?

proteins