Biomed 2.1.5- 2.1.6

telehealth

a way for individuals to remotely access health-related services using technology, rather than in-person contact.

diabetes type 1

A form of diabetes that usually develops during childhood or adolescence. Type 1 is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

diabetes type 2

A form of diabetes that develops especially in adults, most often obese individuals.

high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin use coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas; essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.

glucose

the main type of sugar in the blood and is the major source of energy for the body's cells

glucose transporter

Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose across the plasma membrane, a process known as facilitated diffusion.

ATP (cell currency)

A compound composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes.

Insulin receptor

areas on the outer part of a cell that allow the cell to join or bind with insulin that is in the blood

nucleus

large double-membraned organelle that is sometimes referred to as the “central unit” of the cell because it contains the chromosomes that bear the genetic material

ribosomes

an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

golgi bodies

a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell

rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The SER is generally used for the creation/ storage of lipids and steroids, while the RER plays a significant role in the synthesis of various proteins.

cell (plasma) membrane

the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

nuclear membrane

a double layer that encloses the cell's nucleus, where the chromosomes reside

cytoplasm

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

mitochondria

membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Fats

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

carbs

cell energy

ex. sugars (glucose, C6H12O6, lactose)

Disaccharides

starches

cellulose

fats

make up structures, store energy

ex. fatty acids

Nucleic acids

cellular reproduction

RNA

DNA

Nucleotide bases:

Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

Uracil (replaces thymine in RNA)

Protein

make up structures, perform functions

Amino acids (20 types)

Hormones

Insulin

Glucagon

how many types of amino acids are there?

20

HIPAA

The Federal privacy regulations promulgated under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996

created national standards to protect medical records and other protected health information.

Hippocratic Oath

an oath of ethics that emphasizes is the importance of ethical and professional standards in medicine

Ethical principles

 Defining a system of moral values that everyone accepts as good human behavior.  

Ethical dilemma

A situation in which there is a choice to be made between two (or more) options, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion.     

Integrity

Act in a way that is consistent with your internal conscience even if it is not the best decision for you personally.  

Chemical reaction

a process that converts one or more substances to another substance

Metabolism

the chemical reactions in the body's cells that change food into energy

Pancreas

a long, flat gland that lies in the abdomen behind the stomach

Insulin resistance

where a normal or elevated insulin level produces an attenuated biological response

impaired sensitivity to insulin mediated glucose disposal

Positive feedback

occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.

Negative feedback

occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state

Hyperglycemia

abnormally low blood sugar (glucose)

Ethics Flowchart

1- stop and think'

2- determine facts

3- develop actions

4- consider consequences

5-choose best option

6- monitor