Anatomy: Ch. 5 Vocabulary Terms

Axial Skeleton

Consist of 80 bones that include skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.

Appendicular Skelton

Composed of 126 bones that include the pectoral & pelvic girdle, and appendages.

Atlas

The 1st cervical vertebrae, an irregular bone.

Axis

The 2nd cervical vertebrae, an irregular bone.

Compact Bone

Bone that is dense, looks smooth, and homogeneous.

Spongy Bone

This type of bone has many open spaces and needle-like pieces of bone.

Long Bone

This type of bone has a long shaft with heads at both ends.

Short Bone

This type of bone is cube-shaped and contains mostly spongy bone.

Flat bone

This type of bone is usually thin, flat and curved.

Irregular Bone

This type of bone has irregular shapes and does not fit into other bone categories.

Diaphysis

This is the shaft of long bones.

Epiphysis

This is the ends of long bones.

Articular Cartilage

A glassy hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis.

Epiphyseal Plate

A flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in growing bones, the area that causes lengthwise growth of a long bone, if present - still growing.

Foramen

A hole or opening in a bone or between body cavities.

Fossa

A depression; often an articular surface.

Osteon

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings, found in compact bones.

Central (Haversian) Canal

An opening in the center of the osteon, allows for passage of blood vessels and nerves.

Lacunae

This cavity is arranged in concentric rings and contains osteocytes.

Lamellae

A thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue, especially in bone. These are arranged in rings around the central canal and lacuna.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

Cells that differentiate into an osteoblast, located in the perichondrium. While most active during bone growth, these cells reactivate to repair bone fractures in adults and may become osteoblast cells during bone remodeling.

Osteoblasts Cells

These are bone-forming cells, form matrix & collagen fibers but cannot divide

Osteocytes Cells

Mature cells that no longer excrete matrix.

Osteoclasts Cells

These are bone-destroying cells, huge cells formed from fused monocytes.

Open Fracture

A broken bone that penetrates through the skin.

Closed Fracture

A bone break that does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted Fracture

In this type of break, the bone breaks into many fragments.

Compression Fracture

In this type of break, the bone is crushed.

Depressed Fracture

In this type of break, the bone pressed inward.

Impacted Fracture

In this type of break, the bone ends are forced into each other

Spiral Fracture

In this type of break, the bone has a ragged break caused by excessive twisting.

Green Stick Fracture

In this type of break, the bone breaks incompletely, much like a green twig.

Cervical Vertebrae

These are vertebrae located in the neck region.

Thoracic Vertebrae

These are vertebrae located in the chest region.

Lumbar Vertebrae

These are vertebrae located in the lower back region.

Coccyx

Referred to the tailbone that includes the last 4 fused vertebrae.

Fibrous Joint

Bones joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity is present.

Cartilaginous Joint

This immovable or slightly movable joint connects the ends of bones by cartilage.

Synovial Joint

This type of joint is freely movable and covered with articular cartilage.

Plane Joint

A synovial joint that allows gliding or slipping motion, non-rotating, (ex: carpals).

Hinge Joint

A synovial joint that only allows movement on 1 axis (uniaxial), (ex: elbow) sort of like opening a door.

Pivot Joint

A synovial joint that moves by rotating, (ex: head turning, radio-ulnar joint).

Condyloid Joint

Joint - One in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of another, permitting all movements except axial rotation, (ex: metacarpals).

Saddle Joint

This synovial joint is located between the thumb and carpo-metacarpal joint.

Ball and Socket Joint

This synovial joint is located in the hips and shoulders.

Bursitis

This is inflammation of the fluid-filled sac (bursa) that lies between a tendon and skin, or between a tendon and bone. This condition is usually caused by a blow or friction.

Tendonitis

Is inflammation or irritation of a tendon — any one of the thick fibrous cords that attach muscles to bones.

Arthritis

Is an inflammation of one or more joints, which results in pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement.

Osteoporosis

Is the thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density over time.