Anatomy & Phys Lesson 3

This skin condition is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway, leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires?

Poryphyria

The major regions of a hair shaft include what?

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

What type of gland is acne the disorder of?

Sebaceous glands

Which muscles are attached to the hair follicles that cause goose bumps?

Arrector pili

Counting up from the deepest layer of the epidermis, if a splinter penetrated the skin into the third epidermal layer of the sole of the feet, which cells would be damaged?

Granulosum

____ Corpuscles are specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure

Meissner’s corpuscles

The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each with a distinct role to play for the maintenance of the skin. Which layer is responsible for cell division and replacement?

Statum germinativum

The dermis has two major layers. which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?

Reticular

The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. Which structures are located on the superior surface?

Dermal papillae

A Langerhan’s cell is what type of cell

Specialized leukocyte

Which selection reflects two types of sweat glands?

1. Sebaceous and merocrine

2. Eccrine and apocrine

3. Mammary and salivary

4. Holocrine and mammary

Eccrine and apocrine

The first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn is which condition?

Dehydration

Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to which factor?

Male hormones

The layer that contains the mitotic viable cells of the epidermis

Stratum germinativum

The layer of the epidermis where the cells are considered protective but non-viable

Stratum corneum

The glands that serve an important function in thermoregulation

Sudoriferous glands

Hair that lacks pigment and is often called “immature hair”

Vellus hairs

Acne

skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands

Anagen

Active phase of the hair growth cycle (1)

Apocrine sweat gland

type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions

Arrector pili

smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair stand up

Basal cell

Type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continuously undergoes cel division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis.

Catagen

Transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle. (2)

Cortex

the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix. Seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb.

Dermal Papilla(e)

Extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and the dermis.

Desmosome

structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells.

Dermis

Layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed of mainly connective tissue.

Contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures.

Eccrine sweat glands

Type of sweat gland that is common throughout the skin of the surface. Provides a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation.

Elastin fibers

Fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis.

eledin

clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss.

Eponychium

Nail fold that meets at the proximal end. (CUTICLE).

External root sheath

outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root.

All degrees of burns

First: Superficial

Second: Affects both epidermis and dermis.

Third: Affects fully into epidermis and dermis.

Fourth: Burns full thickness, underlying muscle and bone is damaged.

Glassy Membrane

The basement membrane that is found between the epithelium of the external root sheath and the connective tissue sheath.

hair bulb

Structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla

Hair matrix

layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows

Hair papilla

Mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle.

Hypodermis

connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle.

Hyponychium

Thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies below the free edge of the nail

Most predominant cell type in the epidermis

Keratinocyte

Keratohyalin

granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum

Langerhan’s cell

Specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage

Lunula

basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium.

medulla

In hair, the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix.

Meissner corpuscle (tactile)

Receptor in skin that responds to light touch.

Melanosome

Intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis

Merkel Cell

Receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch

Pacinian corpuscle (lamellated)

Receptor in the skin that responds to vibration.

Papillary layer

Superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue.

Reticular layer

Deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundance collagen and elastin fibers.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Type of skin cancer that originates from the stratum spinosum

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells

Stratum corneum

Most superficial layer of the epidermis

Stratum granulosum

Layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum

Straum lucidium

layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and corneum, only found in thick skin (hands and feet palms)

Stratum spinosum

Layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale. Characterized by the presence of desmosomes.

List layers deep to superficial for most skin (exc. hands/feet)

Stratum Basale → stratum spinosum → stratum granulosum → stratum corneum

List layers superficial to deep for thick skin (palms of hands, soles of feet)

stratum corneum → stratum lucidum → stratum granulosum → stratum spinosum → stratum basale

Telogen

Resting phase of the hair growth cycle initiated with catagen and terminated by the beginning of a new anagen phase of hair growth.

How do keratinocytes protect the skin from UV radiation?

They accumulate melanin granules on their superficial surface that shield the DNA.

The nail bed appears pink due to the presence of what?

Dermal blood vessels

What layer of the epidermis is responsible for cell division and replacement?

Stratum Basale

Which type of cell can metastasize and result in the most dangerous form of cancer?

Melanocytes

Which of the following determines the texture of hair?

The shape of the hair shaft

What is the outermost layer of a hair follicle

Glassy membrane

What is the function of the root hair plexus?

Serves as a receptor for touch sensation

What explains how the epidermis conserves body heat when a person is exposed to a cold environment?

Dermal blood vessels constrict sending the warm blood away from the surface of the skin

What is the cause of a decubitus ulcer?

Restricted blood supply to the area resulting in necrosis.

What cutaneous receptors respond to painful stimuli such as extreme heat or cold?

Free nerve endings

What best describes fingernails?

Modification of the epidermis

What ridges of the dermal tissue protrude into the epidermis

Dermal papillae

What broadly describes the dermis?

it has two distinct layers

What describes melanocytes

Pigment producing cells located in the stratum basale

What describes how sebum secretion is stimulated?

Hormones become active at puberty

Which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial but still contains living cells?

Stratum granulosum

What skin cells alert the immune system to pathogens

Dendritic cells

What is a function to the hypodermis

insulation

What disorder is characterized by a yellow cast to the skin

Jaundice

What cell types are likely to be found in the dermis

Fibroblasts, phagocytes, and Meissner corpuscules