ALL TBT WITH UNIT 8 NOT DONE YET!!

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior EX: Involves nature and nurture

Body pushes us do perform maintenance activities

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned thought a species and is unlearned EX: Imprinting in birds

Salmon's return to their birth place

Drive-Reduction Theory

Physiological needs create an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy a need EX: Physiological Needs ,Drive

Drive

An aroused state

Homeostasis

Maintain a balanced or constant internal states

Regulation of body chemistry around a particular level

Incentive

Positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior EX: Need + Incentive = Very strong drive

Arousal/Sensation-Seeking Theory

With all of our physiological needs met, humans actively seek more arousal without having a specific need EX: Monkeys left alone will attempt to open a window just to see outside, no food reward

Thrill and Adventure Seeking

Desire to engage risky, unusual, speedy, dangerous physical activities EX: bungee jumping

Experience Seeking

Desire for experiences through the mind and senses, travel, variety and novel experiences

Disinhibition

Desire for impulsiveness, extraversion, social and sexual disinhibition, partying

Boredom Susceptibility

Degree of aversion to repetition, routine, restlessness, unchanging conditions

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance increases with arousal up to a point, beyond which performance decreases EX: Lebron James is good at basketball and performs better when the arena is sold-out

Grit

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

Approach-Approach Conflict

2 equally attractive options, but you must choose one of them

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

2 equally UNATTRACTIVE options, but you must choose one of them

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

1 option that has both attractive and unattractive elements

Glucose

Form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides energy for body tissues

Insulin

convert blood glucose into stored fat and lower blood glucose EX: diabetes

Lateral Hypothalamus

When stimulated, we feel hunger. If destroyed: would never feel hungry EX: Lat makes you fat because it makes you want to eat

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

When stimulated, makes you feel full. If destroyed: would never feel full EX: ventromedial makes you want to vom because you feel so full

Neuron

A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. EX: touching a hot stove sends a message about the pain

Dendrites

A neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. EX: receive the signal

Cell Body/Soma

The central part of the neuron that houses the nucleus and other organelles EX: the middle

Axon

The neuron extension that pauses messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands EX: sends the signal

Myelin Sheath

A fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to another. EX: Multiple Sclerosis

Nodes of Ranvier

A gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells. EX: gap

Schwann Cell

A type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath. EX: speeds up nerve transmission signals

Glial Cells

Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system provide support and protection to neurons. EX: "glue" that supports neurons

Axon Terminal (Buttons)

The ends of the axon contain vesicles that store neurotransmitters. EX: fight or flight response

Synaptic Vesicle

Tiny sacs in the axon terminal that store and release neurotransmitters into the synapse. EX: when you are scared, they release norepinephrine into the synapse, making your heart beat fast

Action Potential

An electrical impulse traveling down an axon. EX: they fire when you step on a LEGO

Resting Potential

The electrical charge of a neuron when it is not firing; the neuron is at rest. EX: your finger is in this position until you touch something hot

Depolarization

When a neuron's membrane becomes less negative, an action potential occurs. Positive sodium ions flood into the channel. EX: when you touch a hot stove, sodium ions rush into the neuron, causing it to send a signal to your brain.

Repolarization

Potassium ions flow out of the channel. The process of a neuron returning to its resting potential after an action potential. EX: after the neuron sends a signal that your hand touched a hot stove, potassium ions flow out, and the neuron does this to get ready for the next signal.

Threshold

Level of stimulation required to trigger a neural response. EX: Excitatory signals must push a neuron to -55 mV in order to trigger an action potential

All-Or-None Principle

A neuron either fires with a full-strength response, or it does not fire at all. EX: fire or not

Refractory Period

Brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron fires, EX: the break

Synapse

Junction between the sending neuron's axon tip and the receiving neuron's dendrite. EX: communicates between your neurons

Neurotransmitter

Endogenous chemicals allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body. EX: GABA

Reuptake

Neurotransmitters are transported back into the presynaptic neuron after they perform their function. EX: SSRIs

Acetylcholine

Enables muscle movement, learning, and memory. In every junction between motor neurons and muscles. EX: too much of this can cause Alzheimer's

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. "Pleasure hormone" makes us feel GOOD. EX: too much of this causes Schizophrenia. Too little causes Parkinsons

Serotonin

Mood, hunger, sleep, arousal. EX: too little of this can cause depression

Norepinephrine

Controls alertness and arousal. EX: too little can cause a depressed mood

GABA

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter. EX: too little can cause seizures, tumors, and insomnia

Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in memory. EX: Too much= migraines or seizures due to overstimulation. Think of MSG

Endorphins

Influence the perception of pain/pleasure, kill pain. Use of opiates causes the body to stop producing natural endorphins to keep homeostasis. EX: pain, exersise, laughter

Substance p

Associated with feelings of pain. Released by sensory neurons in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Increases the size of blood vessels and starts the inflammation process. Often works together with glutamate.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

The immune system attacks the neurons' myelin sheath covering. Slows down neurotransmission. Weakness in limbs, muscle spasms, coordination/balance issues are among the many common symptoms

Myasthenia Gravis

The immune system attacks Acetylcholine receptors in neuromuscular junctions

Muscles become easily fatigued or temporarily paralyzed. Slurred speech and difficulty swallowing are among the many common symptoms.

Agonist

Increase a neurotransmitter's action.

Increase production/release, block reuptake from synapse, mimic the effect of natural neurotransmitters.

Antagonist

Decrease a neurotransmitter's action

Block receptor sites but don't activate them. EX: Put a Canadian coin in a vending machine it will go in but won't buy you a soda

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

Neurons that carry information from the body's tissues and receptors to the brain and spinal cord for processing. EX: touch

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

Neurons that carry outgoing messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands. EX: moving

Interneurons

Neurons within the brain and spinal cord

Communicate internally, passing off messages between sensory and motor neurons. EX: sends the signal

Nervous System

The body's electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and CNS

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord. The body's decision maker. EX: the main body

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the body. Gather/send information from the CNS. EX: everything is on the outside

Somatic Nervous System

Controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system. Tells the body to move muscles, reports feedback/sensations. EX: bones

Autonomic Nervous System

Controls glands and muscles of the internal organs, such as the Heartbeat, digestion, etc. EX: self-regulating

Sympathetic Nervous System

Arouses the body, mobilizing its energy

The fight or flight response in response to an alarm. Pupils dilate, heartbeat increases, digestion is inhibited, glucose is released, adrenaline is released, bladder relaxes, and sweating

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Calms the body and conserves energy

Engaged over stress subsides. EX: calm

Reflexes

They are automatic responses to sensory stimuli; we are born with them. Reflexes take place before conscious awareness

Reflex Arc

Stimulus (heat from the stove)

A sensory neuron from the finger travels to the spinal cord and passes to an interneuron. An interneuron passes information to a motor neuron. The motor neuron travels to the finger; you pull your hand away. Milliseconds later, information gets to your brain, and then you are aware that you felt pain (after your hand jerked away)

Endocrine System

Body's "slow" communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. EX: Affect interest in sex, food, aggression

Pituitary Gland

Regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. EX: "the master gland"

Hormone

Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate the body's functions, behaviors, mood, and development. EX: oxytocin

Oxytocin

Enables birth contractions, breast milk release, released during/after orgasm. EX: "bonding hormone"

Cortisol

Stress hormone that increases blood sugar. EX: "stress hormone"

Lesion

Destroy tissue (naturally or experimentally)

Stimulate using electricity, chemicals, magnets

Microelectrodes to measure and observe individual neurons. EX: removing scar tissue

Electroencephologram (EEG)

Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity across the brain's surface. Electrodes placed on scalp EX: shows function

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Measures magnetic fields from brain electrical activity

Better than an EEG, probably still need to get an MRI

Only shows cortex. EX: shows function

Computed Tomography (CT)

Series of X-Rays taken from different angles and combined into one image of a slice of the brain's structure. EX: large loud robot

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Display of brain activity that detects where radioactive glucose goes while the brain performs a task. EX: shows function

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue. One picture, shows structure

(Functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Multiple MRI images, shows blood flow through brain. EX: shows both structure and function

Contralateral hemispheric organization

Sensory and motor functions from one side of body are controlled by opposite hemisphere of the brain. EX: criss cross brain

Brainstem

Responsible for automatic survival functions

Oldest part and most central part of brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. EX: basic funtions

Medulla

Controls heartbeat and breathing (base) EX: things we dont have to worry about

Pons

Coordinates sleep and movement. EX: during sleep

Reticular Formation

Controls arousal and attention. Helps us filter incoming stimuli. A neural network that runs from the spinal cord, along the medulla to the thalamus. EX: helps us "multi-task"

Thalamus

The brain's sensory control center directs messages to sensory processing areas of the brain

All senses EXCEPT SMELL. EX: 911 dispatcher/mail person

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement output and balance, involved with nonverbal learning and memory, as well as sensory processing. EX: movement and coordination

Limbic System

Controls emotions and drives. Located in the center of the brain, under the cerebral hemispheres. 3 Parts: Amygdala, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus.