APUSH - all units (1.2 - 3.3 (start at 3.10

what two factors played a pivotal role in shaping the cultures and lifestyles of Native Americans?

geography and environment

what was a key development in pre-Columbian North America?

the spread of maize cultivation, which had a transformative effect on many communities

where did maize originate?

in present-day Mexico and spread to the American Southwest and beyond

Maize cultivation revolutionized life for many Native American societies, particularly those in the…

Southwest

the Ancestral Puebloans used advanced irrigation techniques to farm maize, which not only sustained large populations but also supported

complex social structures

As we move into more arid regions such as in the Great Basin and western Great Plains, we see a different adaptation strategy which was?

mobility, relying on hunting and gathering

The Shoshone people adapted to the arid conditions of the Great Basin by…

moving seasonally and relying on a diet of plants, small animals, and fish

In contrast to the mobile societies of arid regions, some areas supported more stable, permanent communities through mixed economies such as the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and a long the Atlantic seaboard. These societies developed….

mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies which favored the development of permanent villages

 The Iroquois Confederacy practiced the "Three Sisters" agricultural method (maize, beans, and squash) and established

well organized villages

Further west, the abundance of natural resources, especially along the Pacific Coast, the Northwest, and present day California, allowed for different societal structures that…..

supported by the vast resources of the ocean

The Tlingit people of the Northwest Coast built large, permanent villages and were skilled in….

fishing, particularly salmon

The late 15th and early 16th centuries marked a period of unprecedented __________ by European nations

exploration

One of the most compelling motivations for European exploration was the?

pursuit of wealth (gold, silver, other precious metals)

The Spanish expeditions led by conquistadors like Hernán Cortés resulted in the plundering of vast amounts of gold and silver from the?

Aztec Empire

The discovery of ___________, particularly 

in spices, was a major economic incentive

lucrative trade routes

Exploration led to the establishment of _________ and colonies that generated ________________

new trade networks + immense wealth

Beyond the search for wealth, _____________________ among European powers played a crucial role in the age of exploration

economic and military competition

Colonies served as bases for military operations and?

strategic advantages

The desire to outdo rivals in _____________ was a significant driving force

territorial expansion

define: between Spain and Portugal divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe, demonstrating the intense competition and desire for territorial control

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

The arrival of Europeans in the Americas led to profound changes on both sides of the?

Atlantic

These changes were driven by the_________________ , advancements in maritime technology, and new economic structures

Columbian Exchange

New crops such as_____________________were introduced to Europe

potatoes, maize, and tomatoes

These crops significantly boosted European agricultural productivity and food supply. The increase in food supply contributed to ________ and ________ in Europe

Population Growth and urbanization

New sources of mineral wealth, particularly_________from the 

Americas, played a crucial role in Europe's economic transformation

silver

The influx of silver from mines in Bolivia and Mexico, such as the famous Potosí mine, facilitated the shift from feudalism to _____________and global trade

capitalism (a more money-based economy)

The success of European exploration and colonization efforts was also aided by significant improvements in________________and new methods of _____________________

maritime technology & organizing international trade

Innovations such as the _______, ___________, and ________________ enabled longer and more precise voyages

caravel, astrolabe, and improved navigational charts

The development of______________ allowed for shared investment and risk in overseas ventures

joint-stock companies

____________exemplifies how joint-stock companies facilitated large-scale trade operations and colonial expansion, leading to profound changes in global commerce

The Dutch East India Company (VOC)

Spanish exploration and conquest in the Americas had devastating consequences for native populations, while also introducing new elements that reshaped the continent's __________ and ________

ecology and economy

The arrival of Europeans brought widespread deadly epidemics, such as __________ which decimated Indigenous populations

smallpox

The introduction of European crops and animals, such as wheat, sugarcane, horses, 

and cattle, transformed the ____________ and ___________________ of the Americas

agricultural and social landscapes

These changes facilitated European dominance and colonization, as the 

depopulation of native communities made it easier for Europeans to?

establish control

The introduction of horses by the Spanish revolutionized the way of life for many Indigenous groups, particularly on the Great Plains, where horses became integral to?

hunting, warfare, and mobility

The establishment of Spanish colonies in the Americas brought about significant ________ and _________ changes

economic and social

Central to these changes were systems that exploited labor and resources, as well as the creation of a__________

rigid social hierarchy

define: this system allowed Spanish colonists to receive grants of land and Native American labor in exchange for providing protection and Christian instruction.This system supported plantation-based agriculture and the extraction of precious metals and other resources. It often led to severe exploitation and harsh conditions for Native American workers.

The encomienda system

 The silver mines in ________ where workers 

endured grueling conditions to extract vast quantities of silver

Potosí, Bolivia

As Native American populations declined due to disease and harsh conditions, 

European colonists increasingly turned to ______________ to meet their labor needs

enslaved africans

European traders collaborated with some West African groups who 

practiced slavery, facilitating the forced extraction of ______________

enslaved laborers

Enslaved Africans were imported by the Spanish and other 

European powers to work in ____________ and __________

plantation agriculture and mining

The transatlantic slave trade became a cornerstone of the colonial 

economy, profoundly impacting ________________ and the ______________

African societies and the Americas

The sugar plantations in the Caribbean heavily relied on the labor of _____________ who worked under brutal conditions to produce sugar for export

enslaved africans

To manage the diverse and growing population in their 

colonies, the Spanish developed a complex?

caste system

This system not only defined social status but also controlled 

interactions and power dynamics within the….

colonies

how did the caste system categorize individuals?

The caste system categorized individuals based on their racial and 

ethnic heritage, including Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans

• ____________ (born in Spain) and ________(born in the Americas of Spanish descent)

  • _____________(mixed European and Native American ancestry)

    • and _____(mixed European and African ancestry), among others

peninsulares

• criollos

• mestizos

• mulattoes

why was the Spanish caste system designed

This system was designed to maintain Spanish control and 

dominance, regulating access to power, resources, and social mobility

The arrival of Europeans in the Americas brought different cultures into contact, 

leading to a complex interplay of ____________, _____________, and ____________

worldviews, misunderstandings, and exchanges

n the early years of contact, _______________were common 

as both groups struggled to interpret each other's customs and intentions

mutual misunderstandings

Misinterpretations of religious practices and social norms often led to __________ and ______________

confusion and conflict

Over time, both Europeans and Native Americans adopted useful aspects of each other's……

These exchanges included agricultural techniques, trade goods, and technologies

culture

The adoption of _____________ by Native American societies and the introduction of Native American crops, such as _____________ , to European settlers

European metal tools & maize and tobacco

as European colonization efforts intensified, Native American 

communities faced increasing threats to their _______, ________, and ________

land, labor, and way of life

______________ and _________ were 

formed to resist European encroachment by Native Americans

Diplomatic negotiations and alliances

____________was a key strategy, with many Native 

groups engaging in warfare to protect their lands and people

military resistence

Many also attempted to maintain traditional religious beliefs, gender 

relations, and economic practices amidst……..

european pressures

define: where the Pueblo people 

successfully expelled Spanish colonists from New Mexico for a period

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680

The extended contact with Native Americans and Africans led to significant 

debates among Europeans regarding the treatment of……

non European people

European religious and political leaders debated the moral 

and ethical treatment of

native Americans and africans

Some argued for ___________ and conversion to Christianity, while others justified ______________ and enslavement based on perceived racial and cultural superiority

humane treatment and harsh treatment

These debates influenced colonial policies and the development of

racial hierarchies

define: in Spain, where figures like Bartolomé 

de las Casas argued against the harsh treatment of Native Americans, while others, 

like Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, defended it on grounds of cultural superiority

The Valladolid Debate (1550–1551)

As European powers established colonies in the Americas, their strategies 

and interactions with native populations and other colonists _____________

varied widely

These differences were shaped by each nation's goals, resources, 

and attitudes towards native peoples and economic activities

• The Spanish____

• The French and Dutch____

• The English______

• The Spanish focus on wealth extraction and conversion of native populations

• The French and Dutch reliance on trade alliances and intermarriage

  • The English emphasis on large-scale migration and agricultural settlement

The Spanish approach to colonization was driven by the quest for wealth and the desire to…….

spread christianity

This led to the development of institutions that both subjugated 

native populations and incorporated diverse groups into……

colonial society

Spanish efforts focused on extracting wealth from the 

land, particularly through ______ and ______

mining and agriculture

The encomienda and mission systems were key 

institutions used to subjugate and convert….

native populations

The incorporation of enslaved Africans, free Africans, and mixed-race individuals 

into colonial society created a diverse but _________ organized population

hierarchial

Example: The establishment of ____________________ where Franciscan friars 

aimed to convert Native Americans and integrate them into Spanish colonial society

missions throughout California

In contrast, French and Dutch colonization efforts were characterized by relatively small European populations and a focus on building ________ and __________ relationships with Native Americans

economic and diplomatic

The French and Dutch relied heavily on __________ with 

Native American tribes to acquire furs and other goods for export

trade alliances

ntermarriage with Native American women was a common 

practice, which helped strengthen _______ and and facilitate _______

alliances and trade

These colonies were less focused on ____________ settlement 

and more on economic exploitation through trade

large-scale

Example: The French fur trade, particularly in the Great Lakes and Mississippi River regions, 

where French traders established strong relationships with tribes like the _______ and _________

Huron and Algonquin

The English colonial approach differed significantly from the _______ and _______ and ________

Spanish, French, and Dutch

arge numbers of English migrants, along with other Europeans, settled in the Americas 

seeking various opportunities, resulting in ____________

distinct social and economic structures

English colonies attracted a large number of male and female migrants seeking  __________ and ________ and __________ and ___________

social mobility, economic prosperity, religious freedom, and improved living conditions

These colonists focused primarily on _________, establishing farms 

and plantations on land taken or purchased from Native Americans

agriculture

Unlike the French and Dutch, English settlers generally lived separately 

from Native Americans and established _________________

distinct communities

Example: The establishment of Jamestown in 1607 as the first permanent English 

settlement in North America, where settlers sought wealth through ________ cultivation

tobacco

The British colonies in North America developed distinct regional economies and 

social structures, influenced by _________ and ___________ and ___________

geography, resources, and the settlers' backgrounds

in the ________ and _________ colonies,  the economy thrived on the cultivation 

of tobacco, a labor-intensive crop that shaped the region's social and economic structures

Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies

________ became a lucrative export, driving economic prosperity

tobacco

Initially, the labor force consisted of mostly _______________________

white male indentured servants

Over time, _______________ replaced indentured servants as 

the primary labor source, leading to a plantation-based economy

enslaved Africans

Example: The _______ Colony, where tobacco cultivation led to the 

establishment of plantations and the increasing use of enslaved African labor, 

significantly impacting the colony's demographic and social structure

Virginia

The New England Colonies, settled primarily by ___________ , developed around small towns with 

a mixed economy of agriculture and commerce, emphasizing community and religious values

Puritans

Settlements were centered on small towns and family 

farms, promoting a _________ community structure

close-knit

The economy included a combination of subsistence 

farming, fishing, shipbuilding, and ________

trade

Religious and communal values played a 

central role in __________

social and political life

Example: The _________________ Colony, where Puritan settlers established a society based on religious principles, with town meetings serving as a central form of local governance

Massachusetts Bay

The __________ Colonies, known for their rich soil and favorable climate, developed a 

flourishing export economy based on cereal crops and attracted a diverse population

Middle

The fertile land supported the cultivation of wheat and 

other grains, making the region a ________ for the colonies

breadbasket

The middle colonies attracted a wide range of European 

migrants, leading to greater cultural, ethnic, and religious _______

diversity

This diversity contributed to a more __________ and __________ society

tolerant and pluralistic

Example: Pennsylvania, founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers, became 

known for its __________________ and attracted settlers from various European countries

religious tolerance

Further south, the colonies along the southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies developed plantation economies based on staple crops, heavily reliant on ___________

enslaved African labor