English Vocabulary #3

surrogate

substitute, acting as a replacement

2. surreptitious

secret stealthy

3. pneumatic

pertaining to air or gas

4. simian

apelike relating to apes

5. treble

a high pitched or shrill voice tone, or sound

6. voluptuous

pleasurable to the senses, sensuous

7. undulation

a rising and falling in waves

8. scatological

relating to or characterized by an interest in excrement and excretion

9. obliquity

divergence from moral conduct

10. vitrified

made to look like glass

11. platitude

a commonplace, stale, or trite remark

12. abjection

a low or downcast state

13. paroxysm

a sudden outburst; a fit

14. turpitude

depravity, moral corruption

15. usurp

to take over; to seize power

16. abstemious

self denying; refraining from indulging

17. atonement

reparation for a wrong or injury

18. coquettishly

in a manner befitting a woman who flirts with men

19. heretical

violating accepted dogma or convention

20. sonder

the realization that each random passerby is living a life as vivid and complex as

21. enmity

hatred, illwill

22. bastion

a strong defense or fort

23. tumult

noisy excitement; an uproar or disturbance.

24. vicissitude

a change or variation; ups and downs

25. tacit

understood or implied without being stated

26. taboo

excluded or forbidden from use or mention

27. leviathan

something enormous and powerful; a sea monster

28. crestfallen

discouraged, dejected, downcast

29. rebuke

to criticize sharply

30. demure

quiet and modest; reserved

31. corpulent

fat; having a large, bulky body

32. myopia

nearsightedness; lack of foresight

33. fervor

intense and passionate feeling

34. talisman

a magic charm or superstitious object for protection or luck

35. acrid

harsh in taste or odor; sharp in manner or temper

36. motif

a distinctive feature or dominant idea in an artistic or literary composition

37. contrite

feeling regret for having committed some wrongdoing

38. myriad

a countless or extremely great number

39. interminable

endless, so long as to seem endless

40. specious

deceptively attractive; seemingly plausible but fallacious

41. accolade

tribute; honor; praise

42. aesthete

one who loves beauty in art or nature

43. cacophony

a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds

44. fratricide

the killing of one's brother or sister

45. idiosyncratic

peculiar to one person; highly individualized

46. inane

without sense or meaning; silly

47. insidious

proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects

48. inveigle

to tempt or persuade by using deception or flattery

49. liaison

one who serves as a connection between individuals or groups; a gobetween

50. opulent

wealthy, luxurious; ample; grandiose

51. poignance

a state of deeply felt distress or sorrow

52. vagary

unpredictable action or behavior

53. venerable

respected because of age

54. sanctity

the state or quality of being holy, sacred, or saintly

55. pungent

having a sharply strong taste or smell

56. patriarchal

relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority

57. irresolutely

uncertainty; without sureness

58. inured

accustomed to accepting something undesirable

59. bridle

show one's resentment or anger, especially by throwing up the head and drawing in the chin.

60. morii

the desire to capture a fleeting experience

auxiliaries

according to Plato, warriors responsible to defend the city, maintain peace, & make sure producers obey

guardians

according to Plato, people responsible for ruling the city; chosen from among the ranks of auxiliaries & known as philosopher kings

producers

according to Plato, the largest class in society; have no share in ruling & focus on obeying; follow principle of specialization

specialization

according to Plato, the principle that every person must fulfill the societal role to which nature best suits them

Metaphysics/Ontology

the study of what is real, of being, and of what exists

Epistemology

the study of the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge, the rationality of belief, and various related issues

interlocutor

Someone who participates in a conversation

Natural Law Theory

a theory in ethics and philosophy that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern their reasoning and behavior.

Deontology

theory of ethics based on reason which mandates acting only in a way that can be universalized, while respecting autonomy of all

Utilitarianism

theory of ethics that mandates doing the action that causes the greatest good for the greatest number of people

ethical dilemma

a scenario with multiple possible decisions, each of them morally undesirable

empirical

based on practical experience rather than theory

abstract

existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence

substantiate

provide evidence to support or prove the truth of

surmise

suppose that something is true without having evidence to confirm it

posit

to suggest something is true

immutable

unchanging over time or unable to be changed

idle

inactive, without purpose or effect; pointless.

faculty

an inherent mental or physical power; an aptitude or talent for doing something.

principal

first in order of importance; main

resolution

a formal statement expressing the policy to be debated

policy

a specific course of action or plan proposed by the affirmative to solve a problem

affirmative case

a structured argument proving that change is necessary and beneficial

negative case

a structured argument defending the status quo or showing that the affirmative plan would create greater harm than good.

status quo

the existing system or policy before any proposed change

stock issues

the four essential questions the affirmative must prove

harms

the concrete problems in the status quo that justify action

significance

explains why the harms are serious enough to merit government action rather than minor reform.

inherency

shows that the problem will persist unless the proposed plan is adopted

solvency

demonstrates that the affirmative plan will realistically solve or reduce the harms it identifies.

topicality

when an argument or claim falls outside the agreed limits of the debate and may be rejected on that basis.

plan

the affirmative's specific policy proposal, including who acts, what is done, and how it will be implemented.

disadvantages

the negative team's arguments showing that adopting the plan would cause new or worse problems than it solves.

constructive speech

the initial speeches where new arguments and evidence are introduced and developed.

rebuttal

later speeches devoted to refuting opposing arguments and reinforcing one's own position

cross examination

the question period after each constructive speech where opponents clarify, expose flaws, or challenge credibility.

voting issues

the major questions or "burdens" that the affirmative must address

refutation

directly responding to and weakening an opponent's argument by exposing flaws in evidence, logic, or assumptions.

fallacy

a flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument.

closing statement

a final speech summarizing the debate and revisiting each voting issue