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AP Human Geography Unit 6 Cities and Urban Land-Use Patterns and Processes
Settlement
A small community or village.
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Suburb
A residential district located on the outskirts of a city.
Urban Area
A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs.
Site (as it applies to Urbanization)
The physical character of a place (climate, absolute location, unique features that allow for settlement)
Situation (as it applies to Urbanization)
The location of a place relative to other places (rivers, roads, connections, networks, telecommunication, relative location)
Central Place
A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area.
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
Service
work that is performed for someone.
Gravity Model
A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.
Range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Market Area
The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support the service.
Central Business District (CBD)
The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated.
Central City
An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.
Concentric Zone Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.
Galactic Model
A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.
Multiple Nuclei Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).
Informal Settlement
An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.
Hinterland
The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services.
Edge City
cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment.
Consumer Services
To provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them.
Economic Base
A community's collection of basic businesses
Food Desert
An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.
Global City
A former industrial center that has reinvented itself as a command center for global production.
Megacity
City with more than 10 million people.
Metacity
A city with a population over 20 million.
Megalopolis
Multiple cities linked together (Great Lakes, S CA, TX triangle, 3 bananas)
Exurbs
A district outside a city, especially a prosperous area beyond the suburbs.
Boomburbs
Rapidly growing suburb cities.
New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs (Seaside, FL and Pearl District, Oregon)
Con-urbanization
An extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.
Primate City
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Primate City Rule
A pattern of settlement in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
Rank Size Rule
In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.
Basic Business
A business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement (typically gives area a primary function - Nashville and music/entetainment)
Business Service
A service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services
Non Basic Business
Jobs that shift money within a city (teachers, dry cleaners, janitors, fire department)
larger cities have a higher % of this to support larger infrastructural needs, and these jobs are typically the same in all places
Gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
Shantytowns/Self Construction
Little towns consisting of shacks.
Redlining
A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods.
Blockbusting
Illegal practice of inducing homeowners to sell their properties by telling them that a certain people of a certain race, national origin or religion are moving into the area.
Ghettoization
A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.
Green Belts
Areas around cities where suburban land uses are restricted; contains new development within an urban core to prevent sprawl
Mixed Development
A type of urban development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial uses, where these functions are integrated (joined) together, by public transport/routeways for example.
Public Housing
Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families' incomes.
Public Service
Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.
Annexation
The adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit.
Census Tract
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
Sprawl
Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.
Functional Zonation
Division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions.
Forward-Thrust Capital
A capital city created to develop an empty part of the country away from the core.
Urban Morphology
The study of the physical form and structure of urban places.
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